Table 2. The toxicities of AFB1 have been reported in vitro.
The hepatotoxicity, enterotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of AFB1 have been reported in vitro.
| Type of toxicity | Doses | Time | Cell type | Solvent | Signaling pathway/Cytokines/potential target molecule | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatoxicity | 0.05, 0.25 µM | 24 h | human liver HepaRG cells | corn oil | caspase 1/3, COX2, and IL-1β↑ (mRNA) | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| 1 µM | 24 h | human liver HepaRG cells | corn oil | COX2 and IL1β↑ (protein) | Zhang et al. (2019a) | |
| 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 µmol/L | 6 /12 h | primary broiler hepatocytes | DMSO | Nrf2 ↑ (mRNA), caspase-3/9 ↑ (protein) | Liu & Wang (2016) | |
| Enterotoxicity | 0.5 and 4 µg/mL | 48 h | Caco-2 | DMSO | tight junction proteins (claudin-1/3/4, zonula occludens-1)↓ (mRNA & protein) | Gao et al. (2021) |
| Nephrotoxicity | 1, 2 and 6 µg/mL | 12 /24 /48 h | HEK-293T | DMSO | p21 ↑, PLK1, MYC, and PLD1 ↓ (mRNA & protein) | Huang et al. (2019) |
| 5, 10, 50, 100 mg/L | 48 h | HEK-293T | DMSO | PRODH and Bax, Caspase-3 ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ (protein & mRNA) | Li et al. (2018) | |
| 16.3, 32.60, 48.9 µM | 24 h | HEK-293T | complete culture medium | Nrf-2, SOD2, GPx, and Hsp70 ↑ (protein), OGG1 ↑ (mRNA), p53,NF-κb, c-IAP and Bax ↑ (protein), caspase 9/3/7↑ and caspase 8 ↓ (activity) | Dlamini et al. (2021) | |
| Neurotoxicity | 1, 5, 10, 20 µg/mL | 24 /48 h | IMR-32 | DMSO | – | Huang et al. (2020) |
| 2 µg/mL and 6 µg/mL | 24 h | IMR-32 | DMSO | NOX2 ↑, OXR1, SOD1 and SOD2 ↓, PARP1, BRCA2, and RAD51 ↓, CDKN1A, CDKN2C, and CDKN2D ↑, CASP3 and BAX ↑ (mRNA) | Huang et al. (2020) | |
| 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, or 50 µM; 0.3, 0.6, 1.5, 3.1, 6.2, or 15 µg/mL | 36 /48 h | NHA-SV40LT | DMSO | AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways, BAX, BAK, and cytochrome c ↑ (protein) | Park et al. (2020) | |
| Immunotoxicity | 20 ng/mL | 1/3/6/12/ 24/48 h | CHME5 | 96% ethanol | TLRs, MyD88, NFκB, and CxCr4 ↑ (mRNA), caspase-3/7 ↑ (activity), IFN-γ and GM-CSF ↑ (protein) | Mehrzad, Hosseinkhani & Malvandi (2018a) |
| 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.16 µg/mL | 48 h | 3D4/21 | DMSO | JAK2/STAT3 pathway, IL6 and TNFα↑ (mRNA), DNMT1/3a ↑ (mRNA & protein) | Zhou et al. (2019) | |
| 10 ng/mL | 2/12 h | MDDCs | 96% ethanol | cytochrome P450 (CYP) family, MyD88, NF-KB, TNF-α, TLR2, TLR4, COX-2, HLA-DR, CCR7, CD209, LFA3 and CD16 ↑,AhR, TGF-β, CD11c and CD64 ↓ (mRNA) | Mehrzad et al. (2018b) | |
| 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mg/mL | 24 /48 h | 3D4/21 | DMSO | NF-kB signaling pathway, IL6 and TNFα↑ (mRNA) | Hou et al. (2018) | |
| 0.16, 16, 1600, 160000 nmol/L | 24 /48 h | swine alveolar macrophages (SAM) | DMSO | – | Pang, Chiang & Chang (2020) | |
| 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µm | 24 /48 h | RAW264.7 | DMSO | NOS2, TNF-α and CXCL2 ↑, CD86 ↓ (mRNA) | Ma et al. (2021) | |
| 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 µg/mL | 90 min | chicken heterophils | – | NADPH oxidase and p38 signaling pathways, glycolysis pathway | Gao et al. (2022) | |
| Reproductive toxicity | 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µM | 2 /4 h | bull spermatozoa | DMSO | – | Komsky-Elbaz, Saktsier & Roth (2018) |
| 10 and 50 µM | 27 /44 h | porcine oocyte | DMSO | H3K27me3 and H3K4me2 ↓, H3K9me3 ↑ (fluorescence intensity), LC3 ↑ (protein), ATG3, ATG5 and ATG7 ↑ (mRNA), Bak, Bax, and Bcl-xl ↑ (mRNA) | Liu et al. (2015a) | |
| 0.01, 0.1, 1nM | 7 days | porcine embryos | DMSO | Bax and Casp3 ↑, Bcl2 and Bcl-xl ↓, Lc3 and Beclin1 ↑ (mRNA) | Shin et al. (2018) | |
| 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 nM | 24 h | JEG-3 | DMSO | PKC-ERK signaling axis, COX2 ↑ (protein) | Zhu, Tan & Leung (2016) |