Table 1. Flow diagram of the search strategy for assessment tools used for postnatal mental illness.
|
POSTNATAL BLUES |
2 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Daily Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) |
Buttner et al. (2012) |
USA |
English |
Cronbach’s alpha (α) |
0.88-0.94 |
Good—Excellent |
1 |
|
Maternity Blues Scale (MBS) |
Pop et al. (2015) |
The Netherlands |
Dutch |
(α) |
0.76-0.87 |
Adequate-Good |
1 |
|
POSTNATAL STRESS |
11 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Acculturative Stress Index |
Dennis et al. (2018) |
Canada |
Not mentioned |
(α) |
0.93 |
Excellent |
1 |
|
Childcare Stress Inventory |
Nurbaeti et al. (2019) |
Indonesia |
Indonesian |
(α) |
0.74 |
Adequate |
1 |
|
Parenting Stress Index (PSI) - Short Form |
Gray et al. (2012) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
0.91 |
Excellent |
1 |
|
German Parental Stress Questionnaire (GPSQ) - Modified PSI |
Anding et al. (2016) |
Germany |
German |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
2 |
|
Swedish Parental Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) - Modified PSI |
Andersson & Hildingsson (2016) |
Sweden |
Swedish |
(α) |
0.81 |
Good |
2 |
|
Hung Postpartum Stress Scale |
Ugurlu et al. (2012) |
Turkey |
Turkish |
(α) |
0.93 |
Excellent |
2 |
|
Deltsidou et al. (2018) |
Greece |
Greek |
(α) |
0.95 |
Excellent |
||
|
Life Event Questionnaire - Modified |
Nurbaeti et al. (2019) |
Indonesia |
Indonesian |
(α) |
0.83 |
Good |
1 |
|
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) |
Razurel et al. (2013) |
Switzerland |
French |
(α) |
0.86 |
Good |
2 |
|
Benediktsson et al. (2017) |
Canada |
English |
(α) |
0.88-0.89 |
Good |
||
|
Postnatal Perceived Stress Inventory |
Razurel et al. (2013) |
Switzerland |
French |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
1 |
|
POSTNATAL ANXIETY |
12 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) |
Bina & Harrington (2017) |
Israel |
Hebrew |
(α) |
0.60 |
Poor |
2 |
|
Martin & Redshaw (2018) |
England |
English |
(α) |
0.74-0.78 |
Adequate |
||
|
Generalised Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD 7) |
Bobevski et al. (2015) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
1 |
|
Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire IV |
Pierson et al. (2017) |
England |
English |
(α) |
0.82-0.87 |
Good |
1 |
|
Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised |
Nieto et al. (2019) |
Mexico |
Not mentioned |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
1 |
|
Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) |
Fallon et al. (2016) |
UK |
English |
(a) Test-Retest |
0.96 0.88 |
Excellent |
1 |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) |
Razurel et al. (2013) |
Switzerland |
French |
(α) |
0.95 |
Excellent |
5 |
|
Bayrampour et al. (2014) |
Canada |
English |
(α) |
0.84-0.93 |
Good—Excellent |
||
|
Benediktsson et al. (2017) |
Canada |
English |
(α) |
0.93 |
Excellent |
||
|
Matthies et al. (2017) |
Germany |
German |
(α) |
0.91 |
Excellent |
||
|
Dennis et al. (2018) |
Canada |
Not mentioned |
(α) |
0.92 |
Excellent |
||
|
Zung Anxiety Scale |
Tran et al. (2011) |
Vietnam |
Vietnamese |
(α) |
0.76 |
Adequate |
1 |
|
POSTNATAL DEPRESSION |
52 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) |
Deltsidou et al. (2018) |
Greece |
Greek |
(α) |
0.91 |
Excellent |
1 |
| Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) |
Chibanda et al. (2010) |
Africa |
Shona |
(α) |
0.87 |
Good |
19 |
|
Lau et al. (2010) |
China |
Chinese |
(a) Test-Retest |
0.78 0.90 |
Adequate Excellent |
||
|
Tesfaye et al. (2010) |
Ethiopia |
Amharic |
(α) |
0.71 |
Adequate |
||
|
Banti et al. (2011) |
Italy |
Italian |
(α) |
0.75 |
Adequate |
||
|
Flynn et al. (2011) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.84 |
Good |
||
|
Leahy-Warren et al. (2011) |
Ireland |
English |
(α) |
0.88 |
Good |
||
|
Tran et al. (2011) |
Vietnam |
Vietnamese |
(α) |
0.75 |
Adequate |
||
|
Gray et al. (2011) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
0.87 |
Good |
||
|
Kuo et al. (2012) |
Taiwan |
Chinese |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Razurel et al. (2013) |
Switzerland |
French |
(α) |
0.72 |
Adequate |
||
|
Bayrampour et al. (2014) |
Canada |
English |
(α) |
0.87 |
Good |
||
|
Gaillard et al. (2014) |
France |
French |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
||
|
Clout & Brown (2015) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
0.89 |
Good |
||
|
Figueiredo et al. (2015) |
Brazil |
Portuguese |
(α) |
0.86 |
Good |
||
|
Giallo et al. (2015) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
0.89 |
Good |
||
|
Kernot et al. (2015) |
Australia |
English |
Test-Retest |
0.92 |
Excellent |
||
|
Odalovic et al. (2015) |
Serbia |
Serbian |
(α) |
0.83 |
Good |
||
|
Anding et al. (2016) |
Germany |
German |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
||
|
Iwata et al. (2016) |
Japan |
Japanese |
(α) |
0.81-0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) |
Bina & Harrington (2017) |
Israel |
Hebrew |
(α) |
0.71 |
Adequate |
18 |
|
Gollan et al. (2017) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.87 |
Good |
||
|
Ing et al. (2017) |
Thailand |
Burmese |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Ing et al. (2017) |
Thailand |
Karen |
(α) |
0.59 |
Poor |
||
|
Kozinszkv et al. (2017) |
Hungary |
Hungarian |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Matthies et al. (2017) |
Germany |
German |
(α) |
0.86 |
Good |
||
|
Pierson et al. (2017) |
England |
English |
(α) |
0.87-0.91 |
Good—Excellent |
||
|
Bhusal & Bhandari (2018) |
Nepal |
Nepalese |
(α) |
0.74 |
Adequate |
||
|
Delvari et al. (2018) |
Iran |
Iran |
(α) |
0.77 |
Adequate |
||
|
Dennis et al. (2017) |
Canada |
English |
(α) |
0.78 |
Adequate |
||
|
Dennis et al. (2017) |
UK |
English |
(α) |
0.86 |
Good |
||
|
Green et al. (2018) |
Kenya |
Kiswahili |
(α) |
0.78 |
Adequate |
||
|
Martin & Redshaw (2018) |
England |
English |
(α) |
0.80-0.82 |
Good |
||
|
SmithNielsen et al. (2018) |
Denmark |
Danish |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Nurbaeti et al. (2019) |
Indonesia |
Indonesian |
(α) |
0.80 |
Good |
||
|
Nursazila Asikin et al. (2019) |
Malaysia |
Malay |
(α) |
0.62-0.78 |
Poor—Adequate |
||
|
Shwartz et al. (2019) |
Israel |
Arabic/Hebrew |
(α) |
0.82 |
Good |
||
|
Coffman et al. (2020) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.89 |
Good |
||
|
Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9) |
Flynn et al. (2011) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
5 |
|
Bobevski et al. (2015) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.73 |
Adequate |
||
|
Green et al. (2018) |
Kenya |
Kiswahili |
(α) |
0.81 |
Good |
||
|
Nieto et al. (2019) |
Mexico |
Not mentioned |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
||
|
Coffman et al. (2020) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.80 |
Good |
||
|
Perinatal Depression Screening (PDEPS) |
Green et al. (2018) |
Kenya |
Kiswahili |
(α) |
0.77 |
Adequate |
1 |
|
Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) |
Pereira et al. (2010) |
Portugal |
Portuguese |
(α) |
0.96 |
Excellent |
8 |
|
Zubran et al. (2010) |
Brazil |
Portuguese |
(α) |
0.78 |
Good |
||
|
Li et al. (2011) |
China |
Chinese |
(α) |
0.96 |
Excellent |
||
|
Lara et al. (2013) |
Mexico |
Spanish |
(α) |
0.96 |
Excellent |
||
|
Lara et al. (2013) |
Mexico |
Spanish |
(α) |
0.77-0.80 |
Adequate-Good |
||
|
Pereira et al. (2013) |
Portugal |
Portuguese |
(α) |
0.85 |
Good |
||
|
Pereira et al. (2013) |
Portugal |
Portuguese |
(α) |
0.92 |
Excellent |
||
|
Blucker et al. (2014) |
USA |
English |
(α) |
0.95 |
Excellent |
||
|
POSTNATAL DEPRESSION |
5 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) |
Cunningham et al. (2014) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
0.87 |
Good |
1 |
|
Torreki et al. (2014) |
Hungary |
Hungarian |
(α) |
0.75 |
Adequate |
1 |
|
|
Bina & Harrington (2017) |
Israel |
Hebrew |
(α) |
0.76 |
Adequate |
1 |
|
|
Martin & Redshaw (2018) |
England |
English |
(α) |
0.84-0.85 |
Good |
1 |
|
|
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) |
Grylka-Baeschlin et al. (2015) |
Germany |
German |
(α) |
A: 0.75-0.76 D: 0.65-0.75 |
Adequate Poor-Adequate |
1 |
|
POSTNATAL DEPRESSION |
4 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
|
Launay Slade Hallucination Scale |
Mannion & Slade (2014) |
UK |
English |
(α) |
0.72 |
Adequate |
2 |
|
Holt et al. (2018) |
UK |
English |
(α) |
0.66 |
Poor |
||
|
Peters Delusion Inventory |
Mannion & Slade (2014) |
UK |
English |
(α) |
0.73 |
Adequate |
2 |
|
Holt et al. (2018) |
UK |
English |
(α) |
0.73 |
Adequate |
||
|
POSTNATAL DEPRESSION |
10 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
INSTRUMENT |
AUTHOR (YEAR) |
COUNTRY |
LANGUAGE |
RELIABILITY |
VALUE |
CRITERIA |
NO. OF ARTICLES |
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) |
Clout & Brown (2015) |
Australia |
English |
(α) |
D: 0.86 A: 0.79 S: 0.76 |
D: Good A: Adequate S: Adequate |
4 |
|
Meena et al. (2016) |
India |
Not mentioned |
(α) |
D: 0.91 A: 0.80 S: 0.90 |
D: Excellent A: Good S: Excellent |
||
|
Deltsidou et al. (2018) |
Greece |
Greek |
(α) |
D: 0.91 A: 0.77 S: 0.82 |
D: Excellent A: Adequate S: Good |
||
|
Shokuhi et al. (2020) |
Iran |
Persian |
(α) |
D: 0.93 A: 0.90 S: 0.91 |
D: Excellent A: Excellent S: Excellent |
||
|
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) |
Tran et al. (2011) |
Vietnam |
Vietnamese |
(α) |
0.64 |
Poor |
3 |
|
Spiteri et al. (2013) |
UK |
Maltese |
(a) Test-Retest |
0.92 0.80 |
Excellent Good |
||
|
Ngai & Ngu (2015) |
Hong Kong |
Chinese |
(α) |
0.74-0.83 |
Adequate-Good |
||
|
Kessler |
Tesfaye et al. (2010) |
Ethiopia |
Amharic |
(α) |
0.90 |
Excellent |
2 |
|
Tesfaye et al. (2010) |
Ethiopia |
Amharic |
(α) |
0.86 |
Good |
||
|
Postpartum Distress Measure Scale (PDMS) |
Shokuhi et al. (2020) |
Iran |
Persian |
(α) |
0.75 |
Adequate |
1 |