Table 3. Factors associated with Pap smear uptake among women in Johor.
| VARIABLES | PAP SMEAR UPTAKE | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes N (%) | No N (%) | |||||
| Age (years) | 37.7 ± 11.5 | 1.095 (1.073-1.118) | <0.001 | 2.322 (1.708-3.158) | <0.001 | |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Malay | 174 (48.5) | 185 (51.5) | ref | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Chinese | 31 (58.5) | 22 (41.5) | 1.498 (0.835-2.687) | 0.175 | 1.617 (0.745-3.508) | 0.224 | 
| Indian | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | 0.585 (0.272-1.256) | 0.169 | 0.674 (0.251-1.804) | 0.432 | 
| Other | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | 0.532 (0.131-2.159) | 0.377 | 0.462 (0.089-2.388) | 0.335 | 
| Education level | ||||||
| No education or primary education | 24 (35.8) | 43 (64.2) | ref | 0.056 | 
 | 
 | 
| Secondary education | 112 (49.1) | 116 (50.9) | 0.578 (0.329-1.015) | <0.001 | 1.164 (0.579-2.342) | 0.670 | 
| Tertiary education | 97 (61.8) | 60 (38.2) | 0.345 (0.191-0.625) | <0.001 | 0.950 (0.415-2.172) | 0.903 | 
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 215 (54.3) | 181 (45.7) | 15.442 (5.48-43.515) | <0.001 | 4.860 (1.100-21.476) | 0.037 | 
| Divorced or widowed | 4 (7.1) | 52 (92.9) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Occupational status | ||||||
| Professional | 33 (37.1) | 56 (62.9) | 0.631 (0.374-1.063) | 0.084 | 1.048 (0.515-2.130) | 0.898 | 
| Non-professional | 101 (54.0) | 86 (46.0) | 1.257 (0.832-1.899) | 0.277 | 1.680 (0.993-2.841) | 0.053 | 
| Not working | 85 (48.3) | 91 (51.7) | ref | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Monthly personal income | ||||||
| <RM2500 | 138 (48.3) | 148 (51.7) | ref | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| RM2500-RM5000 | 53 (46.1) | 62 (53.9) | 0.917 (0.594-1.415) | 0.695 | 
 | 
 | 
| >RM5000 | 28 (54.9) | 23 (45.1) | 1.306 (0.718-2.375) | 0.382 | 
 | 
 | 
| Parity | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 11 (15.1) | 62 (84.9) | ref | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| 1-4 | 137 (48.3) | 147 (51.7) | 5.253 (2.655-10.391) | <0.001 | 4.809 (0.724-31.955) | 0.104 | 
| ≥5 | 71 (74.7) | 24 (25.3) | 16.674 (7.562-36.769) | <0.001 | 8.381 (1.326-52.958) | 0.024 | 
| Age at first pregnancy (years) Chronic medical illness | 20.9 ± 10.0 | 1.796 (1.423-2.269) | <0.001 | 0.932 (0.877-0.991) | 0.024 | |
| Yes | 93 (67.9) | 44 (32.1) | 3.170 (2.076-4.843) | <0.001 | 1.141 (0.604-2.157) | 0.685 | 
| No | 126 (40.0) | 189 (60.0) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight | 5 (19.2) | 21 (80.8) | ref | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Normal | 42 (36.8) | 72 (63.2) | 2.450 (0.860-6.980) | 0.093 | 1.270 (0.337-4.784) | 0.724 | 
| Overweight | 69 (46.6) | 79 (53.4) | 3.668 (1.313-10.248) | 0.130 | 1.394 (0.379-5.123) | 0.617 | 
| Obese | 103 (62.8) | 61 (37.2) | 7.092 (2.543-19.774) | <0.001 | 1.999 (0.539-7.417) | 0.300 | 
| Regular exercise | ||||||
| Yes | 94 (46.8) | 107 (53.2) | 0.886 (0.611-1.284) | 0.521 | 
 | 
 | 
| No | 125 (49.8) | 126 (50.2) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms | ||||||
| Yes | 99 (54.7) | 82 (45.3) | 1.519 (1.041-2.218) | 0.030 | 1.745 (1.065-2.857) | 0.027 | 
| No | 120 (44.3) | 151 (55.7) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Knowledge of risk factors of cervical cancer | ||||||
| Yes | 105 (45.3) | 127 (54.7) | 0.769 (0.531-1.113) | 0.769 | 
 | 
 | 
| No | 114 (51.8) | 106 (48.2) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Support from family to undergo Pap smear | ||||||
| Yes | 148 (67.6) | 119 (51.1) | 1.997 (1.363-2.926) | <0.001 | 3.620 (2.081-6.298) | <0.001 | 
| No | 71 (32.4) | 114 (48.9) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Willingness to have a male doctor perform the Pap smear | ||||||
| Yes | 50 (55.6) | 40 (44.4) | 1.428 (0.897-2.271) | 0.133 | 1.183 (0.650-2.155) | 0.582 | 
| No | 169 (46.7) | 193 (53.3) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Having a person to approach first if symptomatic | ||||||
| Yes | 195 (47.8) | 213 (52.2) | 0.763 (0.409-1.424) | 0.396 | 
 | 
 | 
| No | 24 (54.5) | 20 (45.5) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Requiring support if symptomatic | ||||||
| Yes | 188 (46.8) | 214 (53.2) | 0.538 (0.294-0.985) | 0.042 | 0.956 (0.451-2.024) | 0.906 | 
| No | 31 (62.0) | 19 (38.0) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
| Contraception use | ||||||
| Yes | 96 (65.3) | 51 (34.7) | 2.785 (1.849-4.195) | <0.001 | 2.220 (1.314-3.750) | 0.003 | 
| No | 123 (40.3) | 182 (59.7) | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |