Table 3. Factors associated with Pap smear uptake among women in Johor.
|
VARIABLES |
PAP SMEAR UPTAKE |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Yes N (%) |
No N (%) |
|||||
|
Age (years) |
37.7 ± 11.5 |
1.095 (1.073-1.118) |
<0.001 |
2.322 (1.708-3.158) |
<0.001 |
|
|
Ethnicity | ||||||
|
Malay |
174 (48.5) |
185 (51.5) |
ref |
|
|
|
|
Chinese |
31 (58.5) |
22 (41.5) |
1.498 (0.835-2.687) |
0.175 |
1.617 (0.745-3.508) |
0.224 |
|
Indian |
11 (35.5) |
20 (64.5) |
0.585 (0.272-1.256) |
0.169 |
0.674 (0.251-1.804) |
0.432 |
|
Other |
3 (33.3) |
6 (66.7) |
0.532 (0.131-2.159) |
0.377 |
0.462 (0.089-2.388) |
0.335 |
|
Education level | ||||||
|
No education or primary education |
24 (35.8) |
43 (64.2) |
ref |
0.056 |
|
|
|
Secondary education |
112 (49.1) |
116 (50.9) |
0.578 (0.329-1.015) |
<0.001 |
1.164 (0.579-2.342) |
0.670 |
|
Tertiary education |
97 (61.8) |
60 (38.2) |
0.345 (0.191-0.625) |
<0.001 |
0.950 (0.415-2.172) |
0.903 |
|
Marital status | ||||||
|
Married |
215 (54.3) |
181 (45.7) |
15.442 (5.48-43.515) |
<0.001 |
4.860 (1.100-21.476) |
0.037 |
|
Divorced or widowed |
4 (7.1) |
52 (92.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
Occupational status | ||||||
|
Professional |
33 (37.1) |
56 (62.9) |
0.631 (0.374-1.063) |
0.084 |
1.048 (0.515-2.130) |
0.898 |
|
Non-professional |
101 (54.0) |
86 (46.0) |
1.257 (0.832-1.899) |
0.277 |
1.680 (0.993-2.841) |
0.053 |
|
Not working |
85 (48.3) |
91 (51.7) |
ref |
|
|
|
|
Monthly personal income | ||||||
|
<RM2500 |
138 (48.3) |
148 (51.7) |
ref |
|
|
|
|
RM2500-RM5000 |
53 (46.1) |
62 (53.9) |
0.917 (0.594-1.415) |
0.695 |
|
|
|
>RM5000 |
28 (54.9) |
23 (45.1) |
1.306 (0.718-2.375) |
0.382 |
|
|
|
Parity | ||||||
|
Nulliparous |
11 (15.1) |
62 (84.9) |
ref |
|
|
|
|
1-4 |
137 (48.3) |
147 (51.7) |
5.253 (2.655-10.391) |
<0.001 |
4.809 (0.724-31.955) |
0.104 |
|
≥5 |
71 (74.7) |
24 (25.3) |
16.674 (7.562-36.769) |
<0.001 |
8.381 (1.326-52.958) |
0.024 |
|
Age at first pregnancy (years) Chronic medical illness |
20.9 ± 10.0 |
1.796 (1.423-2.269) |
<0.001 |
0.932 (0.877-0.991) |
0.024 |
|
|
Yes |
93 (67.9) |
44 (32.1) |
3.170 (2.076-4.843) |
<0.001 |
1.141 (0.604-2.157) |
0.685 |
|
No |
126 (40.0) |
189 (60.0) |
|
|
|
|
|
BMI | ||||||
|
Underweight |
5 (19.2) |
21 (80.8) |
ref |
|
|
|
|
Normal |
42 (36.8) |
72 (63.2) |
2.450 (0.860-6.980) |
0.093 |
1.270 (0.337-4.784) |
0.724 |
|
Overweight |
69 (46.6) |
79 (53.4) |
3.668 (1.313-10.248) |
0.130 |
1.394 (0.379-5.123) |
0.617 |
|
Obese |
103 (62.8) |
61 (37.2) |
7.092 (2.543-19.774) |
<0.001 |
1.999 (0.539-7.417) |
0.300 |
|
Regular exercise | ||||||
|
Yes |
94 (46.8) |
107 (53.2) |
0.886 (0.611-1.284) |
0.521 |
|
|
|
No |
125 (49.8) |
126 (50.2) |
|
|
|
|
|
Knowledge of cervical cancer symptoms | ||||||
|
Yes |
99 (54.7) |
82 (45.3) |
1.519 (1.041-2.218) |
0.030 |
1.745 (1.065-2.857) |
0.027 |
|
No |
120 (44.3) |
151 (55.7) |
|
|
|
|
|
Knowledge of risk factors of cervical cancer | ||||||
|
Yes |
105 (45.3) |
127 (54.7) |
0.769 (0.531-1.113) |
0.769 |
|
|
|
No |
114 (51.8) |
106 (48.2) |
|
|
|
|
|
Support from family to undergo Pap smear | ||||||
|
Yes |
148 (67.6) |
119 (51.1) |
1.997 (1.363-2.926) |
<0.001 |
3.620 (2.081-6.298) |
<0.001 |
|
No |
71 (32.4) |
114 (48.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
Willingness to have a male doctor perform the Pap smear | ||||||
|
Yes |
50 (55.6) |
40 (44.4) |
1.428 (0.897-2.271) |
0.133 |
1.183 (0.650-2.155) |
0.582 |
|
No |
169 (46.7) |
193 (53.3) |
|
|
|
|
|
Having a person to approach first if symptomatic | ||||||
|
Yes |
195 (47.8) |
213 (52.2) |
0.763 (0.409-1.424) |
0.396 |
|
|
|
No |
24 (54.5) |
20 (45.5) |
|
|
|
|
|
Requiring support if symptomatic | ||||||
|
Yes |
188 (46.8) |
214 (53.2) |
0.538 (0.294-0.985) |
0.042 |
0.956 (0.451-2.024) |
0.906 |
|
No |
31 (62.0) |
19 (38.0) |
|
|
|
|
|
Contraception use | ||||||
|
Yes |
96 (65.3) |
51 (34.7) |
2.785 (1.849-4.195) |
<0.001 |
2.220 (1.314-3.750) |
0.003 |
|
No |
123 (40.3) |
182 (59.7) |
|
|
|
|