Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of socio-demographic, comorbidity, and case management-related characteristics of COVID-19 positive cases among indigenous and non-indigenous populations.
| SARS-Cov 2 positive (n = 2,173,036) |
Mortality among SARS-Cov2 positive (n = 238,803) |
Proportion of deaths among cases |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indigenous population (n = 21,896) | Non-indigenous population (n = 2,151,140) | Indigenous population (n = 3831) | Non-indigenous population (n = 234,972) | Indigenous | Non-indigenous | P-valuea | |
| Sex n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 10,358 (47.31) | 1,079,312 (50.17) | 1473 (38.45) | 89,604 (38.13) | 14.22 | 8.30 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 11,538 (52.69) | 1,071,828 (49.83) | 2358 (61.55) | 145,368 (61.87) | 20.43 | 13.56 | <0.0001 |
| Age group n (%) | |||||||
| Less than 18 years | 861 (3.93) | 90,048 (4.19) | 26 (0.68) | 896 (0.38) | 3.02 | 0.99 | <0.0001 |
| 18-44 years | 9113 (41.62) | 107,3787 (49.92) | 335 (8.74) | 24,214 (10.31) | 3.68 | 2.25 | <0.0001 |
| 45-54 years | 3914 (17.88) | 407,633 (18.95) | 555 (14.49) | 36,798 (15.66) | 14.18 | 9.03 | <0.0001 |
| 55-64 years | 3453 (15.77) | 290,059 (13.48) | 945 (24.67) | 58,293 (24.81) | 27.37 | 20.09 | <0.0001 |
| 65 and above years | 4555 (20.80) | 289,613 (13.46) | 1970 (51.42) | 114,771 (48.84) | 43.25 | 39.63 | <0.0001 |
| Type of care n (%) | |||||||
| Outpatient | 14,179 (64.76) | 1,650,958 (76.75) | 254 (6.63) | 15,733 (6.70) | 1.79 | 0.95 | <0.0001 |
| Hospitalized | 7717 (35.24) | 500,182 (23.25) | 3577 (93.37) | 219,239 (93.30) | 46.35 | 43.83 | <0.0001 |
| Patient required admission to intensive care unit n (%) | 732 (3.34) | 41,105 (1.91) | 431 (11.25) | 23,809 (10.13) | 58.88 | 57.92 | 0.603 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 6011 (27.45) | 364,845 (16.96) | 3023 (78.91) | 171,513 (72.99) | 50.29 | 47.01 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 4156 (18.98) | 300,200 (13.96) | 1425 (37.20) | 86,625 (36.87) | 34.27 | 28.86 | <0.0001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 625 (2.85) | 26,266 (1.22) | 266 (6.94) | 10,240 (4.36) | 42.56 | 38.99 | 0.070 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 521 (2.38) | 48,438 (2.25) | 96 (2.51) | 4231 (1.79) | 18.43 | 8.73 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4521 (20.65) | 387,275 (18.00) | 1520 (39.68) | 104,644 (44.53) | 33.62 | 27.02 | <0.0001 |
| Other disease, n (%) | 465 (2.12) | 44,684 (2.08) | 146 (3.81) | 11,577 (4.93) | 31.40 | 25.91 | 0.007 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 438 (2.00) | 36,111 (1.68) | 167 (4.36) | 11,859 (5.05) | 38.13 | 32.84 | 0.019 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 3910 (17.86) | 311,392 (14.48) | 907 (23.68) | 51,063 (21.73) | 23.20 | 16.40 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic kidney failure, n (%) | 417 (1.90) | 37,271 (1.73) | 197 (5.14) | 16,097 (6.85) | 47.24 | 43.19 | 0.097 |
| Comorbidity category n (%) | |||||||
| No comorbidity | 9877 (45.11) | 1,239,373 (57.61) | 245 (6.40) | 20,485 (8.72) | 2.48 | 1.65 | <0.0001 |
| 1-2 comorbidities | 9658 (44.11) | 743,630 (34.57) | 2369 (61.84) | 138,669 (59.02) | 24.53 | 18.65 | <0.0001 |
| Three or more comorbidities | 2361 (10.78) | 168,137 (7.82) | 1217 (31.77) | 75,818 (32.27) | 51.55 | 45.09 | <0.0001 |
| Time related variablesc | P-valueb | ||||||
| Time from symptom onset to seeking care (in days)d (n=2,169,701) |
4.41 (3.20) | 4.07 (3.17) | - | - | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Time from symptom onset to death (in days)e (n=237,401) |
- | - | 13.25 (8.22) | 13.89 (8.53) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Time from seeking care to death (in days)f (n=236,134) |
- | - | 7.63 (7.08) | 8.45 (7.34) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
a
Two-sample test for equality of proportions of mortality out of total cases among indigenous and non-indigenous groups for the given characteristic
b
Non-parametric Wilcoxon two-sample test for difference in mean time among indigenous and non-indigenous
c
Mean (SD)
d
Includes cases with time from 0-18 days
e
Includes cases with time from 0-52 days
f
Includes cases with time from 0-39 days