Table 3.
Odds of higher anxiety severity during the COVID-19 pandemic by Hurricane Harvey exposure.
| Exposure model | Single exposure |
Double exposure |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Flooding due to Harvey (N = 2760) | ||||
| Home flooded | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 0.0662 | 1.14 (0.98, 1.32) | 0.0812 |
| Home not flooded | Ref | Ref | ||
| COVID-19 income loss | ||||
| Income lost | – | – | 1.72 (1.49, 2.00) | <.0001 |
| No income lost | – | Ref | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 0.45 (0.38, 0.54) | <.0001 | 0.45 (0.38, 0.54) | <.0001 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.13 (0.69, 1.85) | 0.8988 | 1.06 (0.65, 1.75) | 0.8310 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) | ||
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.25) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | ||
| Education group | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 1.28 (0.96, 1.72) | 0.0411 | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) | 0.1728 |
| Some college or associates | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | ||
| Bachelors or higher | Ref | Ref | ||
| Age group | ||||
| 61+ | 0.29 (0.23, 0.35) | <.0001 | 0.31 (0.25, 0.38) | <.0001 |
| 41-60 | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 0.67 (0.55, 0.81) | ||
| 18-40 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Damage due to Harvey (N = 2660) | ||||
| Home damaged | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) | 0.0098 | 1.20 (1.03, 1.39) | 0.0188 |
| Home not damaged | Ref | Ref | ||
| COVID-19 income loss | ||||
| Income lost | – | – | 1.66 (1.43, 1.93) | <.0001 |
| No income lost | – | Ref | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 0.45 (0.38, 0.55) | <.0001 | 0.46 (0.38, 0.55) | <.0001 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.12 (0.67, 1.85) | 0.9569 | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) | 0.9493 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.91 (0.53, 1.58) | 0.89 (0.51, 1.54) | ||
| Hispanic | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.93 (0.65, 1.31) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | ||
| Education group | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 1.26 (0.94, 1.69) | 0.0447 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.61) | 0.1591 |
| Some college or associates | 1.21 (1.02, 1.43) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | ||
| Bachelors or higher | Ref | Ref | ||
| Age group | ||||
| 61+ | 0.29 (0.23, 0.36) | <.0001 | 0.31 (0.25, 0.38) | <.0001 |
| 41-60 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) | 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) | ||
| 18-40 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Income loss due to Harvey (N = 2760) | ||||
| Income lost | 1.60 (1.37, 1.87) | <.0001 | 1.39 (1.18, 1.63) | <.0001 |
| No income lost | Ref | Ref | ||
| COVID-19 income loss | ||||
| Income lost | – | – | 1.58 (1.36, 1.85) | <.0001 |
| No income lost | – | Ref | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 0.46 (0.38, 0.55) | <.0001 | 0.46 (0.38, 0.55) | <.0001 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.05 (0.64, 1.73) | 0.8179 | 1.02 (0.62, 1.68) | 0.7585 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) | 0.83 (0.48, 1.41) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.21) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.83 (0.59, 1.17) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.15) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | ||
| Education group | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 1.18 (0.88, 1.59) | 0.2936 | 1.17 (0.87, 1.57) | 0.3937 |
| Some college or associates | 1.12 (0.94, 1.32) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.30) | ||
| Bachelors or higher | Ref | |||
| Age group | ||||
| 61+ | 0.30 (0.25, 0.38) | <.0001 | 0.32 (0.26, 0.39) | <.0001 |
| 41-60 | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) | 0.67 (0.55, 0.81) | ||
| 18-40 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Impact of Event Scale (N = 2288) | ||||
| Severe Impact Event | 5.14 (4.02, 6.58) | <.0001 | 4.95 (3.87, 6.34) | <.0001 |
| Powerful Impact Event | 2.55 (2.04, 3.19) | 2.49 (1.99, 3.12) | ||
| Impact Event | 1.55 (1.25, 1.93) | 1.55 (1.25, 1.92) | ||
| No Meaningful Impact | Ref | Ref | ||
| COVID-19 income loss | ||||
| Income lost | – | – | 1.45 (1.23, 1.70) | <.0001 |
| No income lost | – | Ref | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64) | <.0001 | 0.53 (0.43, 0.64) | <.0001 |
| Female | Ref | Ref | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 0.99 (0.57, 1.74) | 0.3062 | 0.94 (0.53, 1.64) | 0.2678 |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.71 (0.39, 1.30) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.28) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.68 (0.46, 1.01) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.99) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | ||
| Education group | ||||
| High school graduate or less | 0.93 (0.68, 1.28) | 0.9024 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) | 0.7923 |
| Some college or associates | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | ||
| Bachelors or higher | Ref | Ref | ||
| Age group | ||||
| 61+ | 0.26 (0.21, 0.33) | <.0001 | 0.28 (0.22, 0.35) | <.0001 |
| 41-60 | 0.60 (0.49, 0.75) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.74) | ||
| 18-40 | Ref | Ref | ||