Table 1.
Characteristics for the Full Cohort With Positive SARS-CoV-2 Testing, Stratified by No GI Symptoms vs Presence of GI Symptoms (Defined as Nausea, Vomiting, or Diarrhea)
| Covariates | Unweighted cohort |
Weighted cohort |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No GI symptoms (n = 188,788) | GI symptoms (n = 29,257) | No GI symptoms (n = 188,788) | GI symptoms (n = 29,257) | SMDa | |
| VHA facilityb | b | b | b | b | 0.070 |
| Age, mean years (SD) | 59.9 (16.7) | 58.4 (16.0) | 59.7 (16.6) | 59.7 (16.5) | 0.003 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 159,368 (84.4) | 25,342 (86.6) | 159,950 (84.7) | 25,034 (85.6) | 0.024 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.034 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 103,311 (54.7) | 16,183 (55.3) | 103,487 (54.8) | 16,183 (55.3) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 37,577 (19.9) | 6855 (23.4) | 38,458 (20.4) | 6134 (21.0) | |
| Hispanic | 17,181 (9.1) | 3179 (10.9) | 17,627 (9.3) | 2758 (9.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic other or unknown | 30,719 (16.3) | 3040 (10.4) | 29,216 (15.5) | 4182 (14.3) | |
| Integer calendar date of index date, mean days (SD)c | 304.9 (84.8) | 304.5 (82.5) | 304.8 (84.6) | 304.2 (84.3) | 0.007 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.034 | ||||
| Current smoker | 20,244 (10.7) | 3471 (11.9) | 20,555 (10.9) | 3259 (11.1) | |
| Former smoker | 72,282 (38.3) | 12,065 (41.2) | 73,022 (38.7) | 11,431 (39.1) | |
| Never smoker | 65,656 (34.8) | 11,157 (38.1) | 66,498 (35.2) | 10,462 (35.8) | |
| Unknown | 30,606 (16.2) | 2564 (8.8) | 28,713 (15.2) | 4105 (14.0) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Asthma | 11,470 (6.1) | 2248 (7.7) | 11,882 (6.3) | 1888 (6.5) | 0.007 |
| Coronary artery disease | 33,591 (17.8) | 5835 (19.9) | 34,149 (18.1) | 5349 (18.3) | 0.005 |
| Cancer | 33,451 (17.7) | 6189 (21.2) | 34,336 (18.2) | 5475 (18.7) | 0.014 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 5170 (2.7) | 1036 (3.5) | 5381 (2.9) | 861 (2.9) | 0.005 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 1.6 (2.1) | 1.9 (2.4) | 1.6 (2.2) | 1.7 (2.2) | 0.016 |
| Congestive heart failure | 12,606 (6.7) | 2451 (8.4) | 13,049 (6.9) | 2081 (7.1) | 0.008 |
| Chronic lung disease | 51,097 (27.1) | 9255 (31.6) | 52,266 (27.7) | 8203 (28.0) | 0.008 |
| Chronic neuromuscular disease | 6733 (3.6) | 925 (3.2) | 6632 (3.5) | 994 (3.4) | 0.006 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 23,163 (12.3) | 4350 (14.9) | 23,837 (12.6) | 3785 (12.9) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 2683 (1.4) | 619 (2.1) | 2865 (1.5) | 465 (1.6) | 0.006 |
| COPD | 26,542 (14.1) | 4673 (16.0) | 27,037 (14.3) | 4213 (14.4) | 0.002 |
| Central sleep apnea | 590 (0.3) | 112 (0.4) | 609 (0.3) | 103 (0.4) | 0.005 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 55,269 (29.3) | 9874 (33.7) | 56,403 (29.9) | 8849 (30.2) | 0.008 |
| Diabetes | 59,185 (31.3) | 10,250 (35.0) | 60,137 (31.9) | 9400 (32.1) | 0.006 |
| Drug dependency | 6689 (3.5) | 1541 (5.3) | 7121 (3.8) | 1121 (3.8) | 0.003 |
| Emphysema | 2710 (1.4) | 547 (1.9) | 2822 (1.5) | 454 (1.6) | 0.005 |
| Heart disease | 41,853 (22.2) | 7320 (25.0) | 42,587 (22.6) | 6666 (22.8) | 0.005 |
| Heart failure | 15,968 (8.5) | 3026 (10.3) | 16,458 (8.7) | 2600 (8.9) | 0.006 |
| Hypertension | 102,010 (54.0) | 17,416 (59.5) | 103,418 (54.8) | 16,302 (55.7) | 0.019 |
| Lower respiratory infection | 14,958 (7.9) | 3628 (12.4) | 16,094 (8.5) | 2585 (8.8) | 0.011 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 53,402 (28.3) | 9807 (33.5) | 54,730 (29.0) | 8600 (29.4) | 0.009 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| ACEi | 46,551 (24.7) | 8485 (29.0) | 47,653 (25.2) | 7549 (25.8) | 0.013 |
| ARBs | 23,209 (12.3) | 4161 (14.2) | 23,711 (12.6) | 3765 (12.9) | 0.009 |
| NSAIDs | 98,782 (52.3) | 18,872 (64.5) | 101,863 (54.0) | 16,152 (55.2) | 0.025 |
| Statins | 83,770 (44.4) | 14,610 (49.9) | 85,208 (45.1) | 13,474 (46.1) | 0.018 |
| PPIs | 57,977 (30.7) | 11,687 (39.9) | 60,335 (32.0) | 9645 (33.0) | 0.022 |
| H2RAs | 13,059 (6.9) | 2646 (9.0) | 13,595 (7.2) | 2142 (7.3) | 0.005 |
ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II, receptor blockers; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPIs, proton-pump inhibitors; H2RAs, histamine 2 receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD, standard deviation.
Only standardized mean differences (SMD) for the weighted cohort are provided in this table.
Each of the 127 VHA, facilities were included as covariates in this analysis; however, the proportion of patients at each station for each group is not listed here due to space considerations. SMD, plots are provided in Figure A3.
This variable represents the integer calendar date of the index date of SARS-CoV-2, testing, measured in days, to account for temporal differences. Please refer text for additional details.