FIGURE 1.

Development of artificial intelligence (AI)‐based classifier for patient‐derived organoids (PDOs). (A) Representative images of PDO types. PDOs in 48‐well dishes were imaged using a stereomicroscope (upper panels) and H&E staining of paraffin‐embedded sections (lower panels) are shown. PDOs were evaluated individually by three referees, and the final decision was made through a majority opinion. Bar (upper panels) = 200 μm; bar (lower panels) = 100 μm. (B) Workflow of the AI‐based PDO classifier. The object extraction module (Extractor) cuts out images containing objects from the microscopic images, and the classification module (Classifier) identifies the organoid type of each image. (C) Performance of the AI‐based classifier. Test data consisting of only PDO images (only PDOs) or PDO images and blurred and artifact images (all objects incl. Blur and artifacts) were used. The average accuracy of the three referees (referees [average]) and the individual accuracies of the three competitors (Competitor #1, #2, and #3) were compared to that of the AI classifier