Figure 4.

Percentage-point change in consumer spending in the United States in 2020 between counties with and without state-issued face mask mandates, excluding COVID-19 cases and deaths as control variables: event study results. Dotted vertical line indicates reopening date. Consumer spending data are from Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker and are measured as the seasonally adjusted credit/debit card spending in all merchant category codes and calculated as the percentage change in value compared with January 2020 (the baseline period). The model included county and day fixed effects (ie, binary indicator variables for each county and day of the year). All analyses were weighted by county population and estimated with robust standard errors clustered at the county level.