Table 1.

Details of patients

Patient	Age/sex	Primary fixation	Duration of non-union (months)	Duration in frame (months)
1	AM/37/F	Nail x3 Primary reamed nail + 2 exchange nail procedures	28	11 Required BMA** and DBX*** at 8 months
2	DH/37/M	Circular frame for open fracture – 25° varus deformity lower tibia	23	6
3	LB/56/M (Fig. 1)	External fixator + lag screws	10	7
4	KH/42/M	External fixator as definitive treatment	7	6
5	SP/72/F	External fixator, local flap	32	6
6	DC/26/M	Intramedullary nail, lower third tibia, 15° varus	10	6
7	KG/54/F	Plating–lower third tibia, 30° external rotation	15	4
8	AE/54/M	Gunshot wound, external fixation	30	7
9	NH/44/F (Fig. 2)	MIPO*, lower third tibia	7	8
10	MP/63/M	Cast initially, followed ex fix,	32	6
11	MH/32/M	Hexapod	6	8.5 (incl. time in initial hexapod)
12	GD/40/M	Plate fixation of lower tibial fracture	6	9 (incl. time in initial hexapod)

^*MIPO, minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis;

^**BMA, bone morrow aspirate;

^***DBX, demineralized bone matrix