Table 1.
Characteristics of the study populations.
| Characteristics | Control (n = 62) | T1D (n = 62) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (female/male) | 29 (46.8%) | 29 (46.8%) | 1 |
| Age at the time of study (y) | 13.9 (8.0–21.9) | 13.9 (7.9–22.4) | 0.9741 |
| Age groups | 1 | ||
| 0–18.9 years | 36 (58.1%) | 36 (58.1%) | |
| 19–35.9 years | 26 (41.9%) | 26 (41.9%) | |
| HLA genotype risk group | 1 | ||
| Increased risk | 25 (40.3%) | 25 (40.3%) | |
| Neutral | 23 (37.1%) | 23 (37.1%) | |
| Decreased risk | 14 (22.6%) | 14 (22.6%) | |
| PTPN22 (rs2476601) | 0.1692 | ||
| CC | 44 (71.0%) | 37 (59.7%) | |
| CT | 18 (29.0%) | 22 (35.5%) | |
| TT | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.8%) | |
| IFIH1 (rs1990760) | 0.1599 | ||
| AA | 20 (32.3%) | 30 (48.4%) | |
| AG | 35 (56.5%) | 25 (40.3%) | |
| GG | 7 (11.3%) | 7 (11.3%) | |
| Autoantibodies (AAB) | |||
| GADA | 0 (0.0%) | 52 (83.9%) | |
| IA2A | 0 (0.0%) | 35 (56.5%) | |
| ZnT8A | 0 (0.0%) | 40 (64.5%) | |
| Positive for 1 AAB | 0 (0.0%) | 14 (22.6%) | |
| Positive for 2 AAB | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (30.6%) | |
| Positive for 3 AAB | 0 (0.0%) | 25 (40.3%) | |
| Ketoacidosis | — | 24a (38.7%) | |
| Ketonuria | — | 45b (72.6%) | |
| Weight loss | — | 40c (64.5%) | |
| Season of sampling | 0.4625 | ||
| September-February | 40 (64.5%) | 35 (56.5%) | |
| March-August | 22 (35.5%) | 27 (43.5%) |
The subjects were matched by gender, age, and HLA. Due to the high variability of HLA genotypes in the study groups, three main HLA genotype risk groups were distinguished. Nonparametric data are presented as the number of persons in the group and a percentage in a column. Numerical data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR). Differences in the characteristics between controls and participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were calculated with the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test, and p values are presented. aKetoacidosis data missing: n = 1 participant with T1D. bKetonuria data missing: n = 5 participants with T1D. cWeight loss data missing: n = 1 participant with T1D.