Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the LBP population by the presence of depressive symptoms (n = 5,779).
| Variable | Depressive symptoms | p -value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| Sex | Male | 1,465 (65.6) | 768 (34.4) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1,896 (53.5) | 1,650 (46.5) | ||
| Age | 45–59 | 1,619 (60.9) | 1,039 (39.1) | <0.001 |
| 60–74 | 1,470 (56.4) | 1,135 (43.6) | ||
| ≥ 75 | 272 (52.7) | 244 (47.3) | ||
| Regions | Eastern | 929 (67.4) | 449 (32.6) | <0.001 |
| Central | 971 (56.5) | 747 (43.5) | ||
| Western | 1,169 (53.1) | 1,031 (46.9) | ||
| Northeastern | 292 (60.5) | 191 (39.5) | ||
| Current residence | Urban | 995 (67.1) | 488 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2,366 (55.1) | 1,930 (44.9) | ||
| Ethnicity | Minority | 304 (57.9) | 221 (42.1) | 0.901 |
| Han | 3,057 (58.2) | 2,197 (41.8) | ||
| Marital status | separated/divorced/ widowed/unmarried |
356 (44.7) | 441 (55.3) | <0.001 |
| married/cohabiting | 3,005 (60.3) | 1,977 (39.7) | ||
| Living arrangement | Living alone | 178 (42.6) | 240 (57.4) | <0.001 |
| Living with others | 3,183 (59.4) | 2,178 (40.6) | ||
| Health insurance | No | 65 (48.9) | 68 (51.1) | 0.028 |
| Yes | 3,296 (58.4) | 2,350 (41.6) | ||
| Education | Primary or lower | 2,112 (53.3) | 1,849 (46.7) | <0.001 |
| Middle | 815 (67.1) | 400 (32.9) | ||
| High or vocational | 372 (70.3) | 157 (29.7) | ||
| College or higher | 62 (83.8) | 12 (16.2) | ||
| Type of work | Currently not working or never worked | 1,063 (55.2) | 862 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| Agricultural | 1,272 (53.3) | 1,116 (46.7) | ||
| Non-agricultural | 1,026 (70.0) | 440 (30.0) | ||
| Monthly household expenditure per capita | ≤ 500 | 1,749 (55.1) | 1,425 (44.9) | <0.001 |
| > 500 | 1,612 (61.9) | 993 (38.1) | ||