Figure 2.

Glucose transport into cells through GLUT and decompose into pyruvate by a series of glycolytic enzymes such as HK2, PFK1 and PKM2. PDC catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, enters TCA cycle, generates NADH and FADH2, and then enters ETC to produce ATP. Under hypoxia, pyruvate is activated by LDHA to generate lactate. HIF-1α can increase glycolysis flux by up-regulating HK2, PFK1 and PKM2. At the same time, increasing the levels of PDK1 and LDHA inhibited pyruvate from entering TCA cycle.