Table 5.
Operative details and outcomes from studies that used intravenous Indocyanine Green localization.
| Study | Patients | ICG dose | Other localization technique | Timing between ICG administartion and Lung Resection | Duration of lung resection | Radiation Exposure | Successful Localization | Reasons for Localization Failure | Complications | Histology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yamin Mao et al. (42) | 36 | ICG 5 mg/kg | None | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 68/76 (89.5%) | The other 8 were 1.3 cm or more beneath the pleural surface. | None | 71 malignant and 5 benign Adenocarcinoma: 30 SCC: 4 Benign: 5, Metastases: 34 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia: 3 |
| Okusanya et al. (19) | 18 | 5 mg/kg ICG | None | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 19/23 (82.6%) nodules were fluorescent in the patient, 2 were fluorescent after dissection, 2 were not fluorescent at all. | From the non-fluorescent nodules 1 was Chronic pulmonary emboli and 1 was melanoma metastasis | None | Adenocarcinoma: 10 SCC: 5 Metastases: 4 Adenosquamous: 1 Typical carcinoid: 1 |
| Hamaji et al. (43) | 22 (Metastasis) | 0.25 mg/kg of ICG in 17 first patients 0.5 mg/kg of ICG in the last 5 patients | None | 12–24 h pre-operatively (4 patients), Intra-operatively (next 18 patients) | N/R | N/R | 2/22 (9%) | N/R | None | Metastases: 20 SCC: 1 Adenocarcinoma:1 |
| Keating et al. (44) | 8 (Metastasis) | 5 mg/kg of intravenous ICG | None | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 9/11 (81.8%) | Those 2 nodules were >1 cm from the pleura surface but were fluoresent after ex-vivo incision of the excised specimen | None | All R0 melanoma (n = 4), osteogenic sarcoma (n = 2), renal cell carcinoma (n = 2), chondrosarcoma (n = 1), leiomyosarcoma (n = 1), colorectal carcinoma (n = 1) |
| Predina et al. (45) | 30 (Metastasis) | intravenous ICG (5 mg/kg) | None | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 76/82 (92.7%) of malignancies detected + 3 false positives which were Benign. | non-fluorescent metastases were deeper than fluorescent metastases (2.1 cm vs 1.3 cm; p = 0.03) | None | Sarcomas: 82 benign lymphoid aggregates: 3 |
| Kitagawa et al. (46) | 10 (Metastasis/ Paediatric Population) | 0.5 mg/kg of ICG | None | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 221/221 (100%) of malignancies were dtected + 34 false positives which were benign + 5 True negatives which were Benign | N/A | None | Hepatoblastoma: 221 Benign: 34 |
| Whitlock et al. (47) | 5 (Paediatric Population) | 0.2—0.75 mg/kg | None | 24–96 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 28/44 (63.6%) were ICG +, 5 were True−and 1 was were False + which Benign 28/38 (73.7%) malignant nodules were succesfully localized | 10 False negative nodules were malignant. | None | Malignant: 38 Benign: 6 |
| Yamamichi et al. (48) | 3 (Paediatirc Population) | 0.5 mg/ kg ICG. | CT guided localisation with 0.5–1.0 ml of indigo carmine dye | 24 h pre-operatively | N/R | N/A | 8/16 (50%) of all resected nodules were ICG+ 8/9 (88.9%) malignant nodules detected | True+: 8 True −: 7 False +: 0 False −: 1 | 2 intra-operative pneumothorax after localisation, 2 atelectasis | Malignant: 9 |
CT, Computer Tomography; ICG, Indocyanine Green; IQR, Interquartile Range; mGy, milligray; N/A, Not applicable; N/R, Not Reported; SCC, Squamous Cell Carcinoma.