TABLE 2.
Anti-inflammatory effects of forsythiasides.
| Forsythiaside Subtype | Dose | Inflammation model | Action | Mechanism | References |
| A | 20, 80, 320 μg/ml | LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and primary lymphocytes | Increase of cell viability | Inhibition of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway and downregulation of Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-β1 | 21 |
| A | 1.25, 2.5, 5 μmol/L | Ischemia reperfusion-induced PC12 cells | Reduction of inflammatory response | Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB pathway | 22 |
| B | 10, 40 mg/kg | APP/PS1 mice | Decrease of Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation, and reverse of cognitive decline | Attenuating the activation of JIP3/JNK and WDFY1/TLR3, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway | 23 |
| A | 2.5, 5, 10 μg/ml | LPS-induced BV-2 cells | Reduction of inflammatory response | Regulating NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, reducing the release of TNF-α, IL-1β and PGE2 | 24 |
| A | 15, 30, 60 mg/kg | OVA-induced asthma in mice | Attenuating lung histopathology and suppressing inflammatory responses in asthma | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and decrease of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels | 26 |
| A and B | 5, 10, 20 and 12.5, 25, 50, 100 μmol/L | LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells | Alleviation of inflammatory response | Activation of KEAP1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, reduction of NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels | 27, 28 |
| A | 80 μmol/L | Aβ25–35-treated hippocampal slices | Alleviation of learning and memory deficits | Suppressing the overexpression of COX-2 and MAGL proteins and upregulating the levels of 2-AG | 33 |
| A | 60 mg/kg | LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice | Ameliorating pathological damage and macrophage infiltration of lung | Regulation of miR-124/CCL2 pathway | 38 |
| A | 12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg | LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice | Attenuating inflammatory cell infiltration and pulmonary interstitial edema | Inhibiting TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway | 90 |
| A | 20 mg/kg | Influenza A Virus-infected mice | Reducing lung inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration | Regulation of RLRS-mediated pathways in lung immune cells | 72 |
| A | 20, 40, 80 mg/kg | IBV-induced infectious bronchitis in avian | Ameliorating clinical signs and lung damage | Increasing CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes, regulating IL-2,IL-4, IFN-α | 78 |
| A | 15, 30 mg/kg | OVA-induced asthma in mice | Attenuating airway inflammatory cell infiltration | Depression of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway | 91 |
| A and B | 30, 60, 120 μmol/L | CuSO4-induced Zebrafish | Relieving damage to the neuromasts in the lateral line | Reducing the expression of ROS, NO, Wdr3, and MRPs7 | 92 |
| A | 2.5, 5, 10 μg/ml | S. aureus-induced primary bovine mammary epithelial cells | Reduction of inflammatory response | Inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB pathways, down-regulation of the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 | 93 |
| A | 30 mg/kg | Chick type II collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice | Relieving symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis | Decreasing the expression level of TNF-α protein in serum | 94 |
| A | 30, 60 mg/kg | LPS-induced spleen of chicken | Reduction of inflammatory response | Suppressing the gene and protein levels of IL-17 and IL-6 | 95 |
| A | 40 mg/kg | Zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice | Alleviation of acute peritonitis | Deceasing the expression of NF-κB, the number of neutrophils and the release of TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 | 96 |
| A | 25, 50, 100 μg/ml | LPS-induced human airway epithelial cells | Reduction of inflammatory response | Reduction of NO secretion and SOD level | 97 |
| A | 5, 20, 80 mg/kg | 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in ethanol induced ulcerative colitis in rats | Alleviation of colon lesions | Inhibiting the release of TNF-α and IL-2, increasing the expression of IL-4 | 98 |
| A and B | 6 mg/kg | Dimethylbenzene-induced ear swelling in mice | Alleviation of ear swelling and inflammatory response | Decreasing the production of TNF-α and IL-6 | 99 |
| B | 0.65, 1.30, 2.60 μmol/L | Caecal ligation and puncture -induced sepsis in rats | Reduction of lethality and counteraction of LPS activity | Reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, HGMB1 and TREM-1 | 100 |