Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Entire cohort | PSM cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-GDM (n = 1679) | GDM (n = 472) | P -value | SMD | Non-GDM (n = 471) | GDM (n = 471) | P -value | SMD | |
| Maternal age, year | 30.7 ± 4.2 | 32.4 ± 4.3 | <0.001 | 0.381 | 32.4 ± 4.4 | 32.3 ± 4.2 | 0.682 | 0.027 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Han | 1649 (98.2) | 463 (98.1) | 0.846 | 0.009 | 466 (98.9) | 462 (98.1) | 0.281 | 0.063 |
| Others | 30 (1.8) | 9 (1.9) | 5 (1.1) | 9 (1.9) | ||||
| Married | ||||||||
| Yes | 1620 (96.5) | 448 (94.9) | 0.118 | - | 461 (97.9) | 447 (94.9) | 0.014 | - |
| No | 59 (3.5) | 24 (5.1) | 10 (2.1) | 24 (5.1) | ||||
| Nulliparity | ||||||||
| Yes | 1165 (69.4) | 324 (68.6) | 0.758 | 0.016 | 313 (66.5) | 323 (68.6) | 0.487 | 0.046 |
| No | 514 (30.6) | 148 (31.4) | 158 (33.6) | 148 (31.4) | ||||
| Mode of conception | ||||||||
| Spontaneous | 485 (28.9) | 105 (22.3) | 0.004 | 0.153 | 102 (21.7) | 105 (22.3) | 0.813 | 0.015 |
| ART | 1194 (71.1) | 367 (77.8) | 369 (78.3) | 366 (77.7) | ||||
| Chorionicity | ||||||||
| Dichorionic | 406 (83.7) | 416 (88.1) | 0.019 | 0.127 | 420 (89.2) | 415 (88.1) | 0.608 | 0.031 |
| Monochorionic | 273 (16.3) | 56 (11.9) | 51 (10.8) | 56 (11.9) | ||||
| Maternal BMI | ||||||||
| Underweight | 278 (16.6) | 36 (7.6) | <0.001 | 0.226 | 283 (60.1) | 287 (60.9) | 0.514 | 0.024 |
| Normal weight | 1083 (64.5) | 287 (60.8) | 47 (10) | 36 (7.6) | ||||
| Overweight | 260 (15.5) | 105 (22.3) | 105 (22.3) | 104 (22.1) | ||||
| Obese | 58 (3.5) | 44 (9.3) | 36 (7.6) | 44 (9.3) | ||||
| Use of insulin | ||||||||
| Yes | - | 30 (6.4) | - | - | - | 30 (6.4) | - | - |
| No | - | 442 (93.6) | - | 442 (93.6) | ||||
| Chronic hypertension | ||||||||
| Yes | 11 (0.7) | 9 (1.9) | 0.012 | - | 7 (1.5) | 9 (1.9) | 0.614 | - |
| No | 1668 (99.3) | 463 (98.1) | 464 (98.5) | 462 (98.1) | ||||
| Hepatitis B | ||||||||
| Yes | 112 (6.7) | 40 (8.5) | 0.177 | - | 44 (9.3) | 40 (8.5) | 0.647 | - |
| No | 1567 (93.3) | 432 (91.5) | 427 (90.7) | 431 (91.5) | ||||
| ICP | ||||||||
| Yes | 45 (2.7) | 13 (2.8) | 0.930 | - | 16 (3.4) | 13 (2.8) | 0.571 | - |
| No | 1634 (97.3) | 459 (97.3) | 455 (96.6) | 458 (97.2) | ||||
| PIH or PE | ||||||||
| Yes | 168 (10.0) | 55 (11.7) | 0.300 | - | 56 (11.9) | 54 (11.5) | 0.839 | - |
| No | 1511 (90.0) | 417 (88.4) | 415 (88.1) | 417 (88.5) | ||||
| Fetal sex | ||||||||
| Male-male | 558 (33.2) | 152 (32.2) | 0.375 | - | 159 (33.8) | 151 (32.1) | 0.855 | - |
| Female-female | 481 (28.7) | 124 (26.3) | 120 (25.5) | 124 (26.3) | ||||
| Male-female | 640 (38.1) | 196 (41.5) | 192 (40.8) | 196 (41.6) | ||||
PSM, propensity score matching; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PE, preeclampsia.