Table 3.
Neonatal outcomes between GDM and non-GDM pregnancies.
| Entire cohort | PSM cohort | |||||||
| Outcomes | Non-GDM (n = 3358) | GDM (n = 944) | Adjusted OR a | P -value | Non-GDM (n = 942) | GDM (n = 942) | Adjusted OR b | P -value |
| Low birth weight (<2,500 g) | 2106 (62.7) | 595 (63.0) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 0.831 | 565 (60.0) | 594 (63.1) | 1.1 (0.87–1.39) | 0.425 |
| Macrosomia (>4,000 g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | ||
| Small for gestational age | 228 (6.8) | 66 (7.0) | 1.07 (0.79–1.43) | 0.673 | 58 (6.2) | 65 (6.9) | 1.12 (0.77–1.64) | 0.562 |
| Large for gestational age | 152 (4.5) | 56 (5.9) | 1.26 (0.88–1.82) | 0.205 | 49 (5.2) | 56 (5.9) | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.521 |
| NRDS | 264 (7.9) | 77 (8.2) | 1.05 (0.68–1.64) | 0.816 | 59 (6.3) | 77 (8.2) | 1.47 (0.81–2.69) | 0.206 |
| Neonatal asphyxia | 60 (1.8) | 24 (2.5) | 1.40 (0.78–2.52) | 0.264 | 16 (1.7) | 24 (2.6) | 1.33 (0.60–2.94) | 0.478 |
| Ventilator support | 226 (6.7) | 61 (6.5) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.456 | 56 (5.9) | 61 (6.5) | 1.00 (0.58–1.74) | 0.987 |
| Neonatal jaundice | 950 (28.3) | 286 (30.3) | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 0.822 | 260 (27.6) | 285 (30.3) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | 0.548 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 114 (3.4) | 41 (4.3) | 1.35 (0.89–2.04) | 0.158 | 30 (3.2) | 41 (4.4) | 1.35 (0.79–2.29) | 0.269 |
| Neonatal unit admission | 1324 (39.4) | 397 (42.1) | 0.99 (0.80–1.24) | 0.959 | 369 (39.2) | 395 (42.0) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.626 |
| BPD | 49 (1.5) | 8 (0.9) | - | - | 8 (0.9) | 8 (0.9) | - | - |
| NEC | 28 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | - | - | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.3) | - | - |
| HIE | 12 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | - | - | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | - | - |
| ICH | 21 (0.6) | 3 (0.3) | - | - | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | - | - |
| Sepsis | 40 (1.2) | 8 (0.9) | - | - | 8 (0.9) | 8 (0.9) | - | - |
| Neonatal death | 13 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | - | - | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) | - | - |
| Severe composite outcome | 78 (2.3) | 19 (2.0) | 0.73 (0.38–1.38) | 0.333 | 19 (2.0) | 21 (2.2) | 0.86 (0.41–1.81) | 0.687 |
PSM, propensity score matching; NRDS, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; a, GEE models adjusted for maternal age, BMI, use of ART, nulliparity, and chorionicity and gestational age at delivery; b, GEE models adjusted for gestational age at delivery.