Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with vestibular migraine (n = 20).
| Patients (n = 20) | |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Sex (female) | 20 (100%) |
| Age (mean ± SD, range, years) | 45.4 ± 12.8, 20–69 |
| Right handedness | 20 (100%) |
| Migraine characteristics | |
| Disease duration (mean ± SD, range, years) | 7.6 ± 4.8, 0.5–20 |
| Frequency (mean ± SD, range, days/month) | 17.2 ± 9.5, 3–30 |
| Severity of headache (VAS, 0–10) (mean ± SD, range) | 6.8 ± 1.3, 4–8 |
| Episode duration (mean ± SD, range, h) | 17.3 ± 19.0, 1–72 |
| MwoA / MwA / Visual aura | 13 (65%) / 7 (35%) / 7 (35%) |
| Headache side: right / Left / Bilateral | 1 (5%) / 6 (30%) / 13 (65%) |
| Pulsating quality | 7 (35%) |
| Photophobia / Phonophobia | 2 (10%) / 4 (20%) |
| Vestibular symptoms | |
| Frequency (mean ± SD, range, days/month) | 14.0 ± 5.0, 2–21 |
| Duration (mean ± SD, range, h) | 11.35 ± 16.9, 1–72 |
| Intensity of vertigo (VAS-D, 0–10) (mean ± SD, range)a | 6.0 ± 2.8, 4–10 |
| Recurrent spontaneous / positional / visually induced vertigo | 16 (80%) / 9 (45%) / 3 (15%) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 14 (70%) |
| History of motion sickness | 12 (60%) |
| Frequency of acute headache/vertigo treatment use (days/month) | 15.0 ± 10.7 |
| Prophylactic medications | 20 (100%) |
| Use of two or more drugs | 15 (75%) |
| Vestibular function tests | |
| Spontaneous nystagmus (VOG) | 1 (5%) |
| vHIT (hVOR mean gain, R/L) | 0.97 ± 0.05 / 0.98 ± 0.06 |
| Abnormal vHIT hVOR gain / Presence of corrective saccades | 0 / 0 |
| VEMP (cVEMP, oVEMP) | |
| cVEMP p13 amplitude AR ≥ 40% | 1 (5%) |
| cVEMP p13 amplitude AR (%) | 20.19 ± 12.40 |
| cVEMP p13 mean latency (ms, R/L) | 13.17 ± 0.4/12.91 ± 0.5 |
| oVEMP n10 amplitude AR ≥ 40% | 0 |
| oVEMP n10 amplitude AR (%) | 18.42 ± 11.70 |
| oVEMP n10 mean latency (ms, R/L) | 10.11 ± 0.7/10.39 ± 0.5 |
| Mean caloric response (°/s, R/L) | 28.6 ± 15.4/26.4 ± 12.3 |
| Caloric response AR | 15.61 ± 21.9 |
| Caloric response AR ≥ 35% | 1/7 (14.3%) |
AR, asymmetry ratio; vHIT, video head-impulse test; VOG, video oculography; VOR, video ocular reflex; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; VAS-D, Visual Analog Scale-Dizziness; R, right; L, left.
a
To evaluate the intensity of vestibular symptoms, we used a scale similar to the numeric rating scale, with 0 set as none, 1–3 as mild (uninterrupted), 4–6 as moderate (disturbed but able to maintain daily activities), and more than 7 as severe (daily activities cannot be continued).