Table 5.
Drug–food interactions for the top 20 substances for which the most pDDIs were identified.
| Active ingredient | Patients, N (%) | Degree of drug–food interaction severity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
| Methylprednisolone | 123 (19.6%) | – | Grapefruit, tobacco | – |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 55 (8.8%) | Alcohol, food | – | – |
| Ibuprofen | 105 (16.7%) | – | – | Alcohol |
| Pantoprazole | 178 (28.4%) | – | – | – |
| Baclofen | 78 (12.4%) | – | Alcohol | – |
| Ramipril | 53 (8.5%) | Alcohol | Food (potassium-containing) | – |
| Bisoprolol | 51 (8.1%) | Alcohol, tobacco | – | – |
| Cannabidiol | 46 (7.3%) | – | Food (high-fat meal), grapefruit | – |
| Dronabinol | 47 (7.5%) | Grapefruit | Alcohol, food (high-fat meal) | – |
| Torasemide | 22 (3.5%) | – | – | – |
| Citalopram | 33 (5.3%) | – | Alcohol | – |
| Enoxaparin | 127 (20.3%) | – | – | – |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 8 (1.3%) | – | – | – |
| Metoprolol | 29 (4.6%) | Alcohol, tobacco | Food | – |
| Levothyroxine | 82 (13.1%) | – | Food a , grapefruit | – |
| Amlodipine | 25 (4.0%) | Grapefruit | Alcohol | – |
| Duloxetine | 21 (3.3%) | Tobacco | Alcohol | – |
| Zopiclone | 65 (10.4%) | – | Alcohol, food (high-fat/heavy meal) | – |
| Magnesium | 65 (10.4%) | – | – | – |
| Calcium | 33 (5.3%) | – | Food b | – |
pDFI databases often only indicate ‘food’ as an interaction partner of a drug. This usually refers to the timing of the food intake or a certain food composition such as food high in fat or potassium-containing food. Food: The timing of food intake is a factor influencing the absorption of ingested medicines. Patients, N (%): number of MS patients who have received the respective drug. pDDIs, potential drug–drug interactions; pDFI, potential drug–food interaction.
a
Dietary fibre, milk, soy products, coffee, nuts and seeds.
b
Foods high in oxalic acid (e.g. spinach or rhubarb) or phytic acid (e.g. bran and whole grains).