TABLE 3.
A summary of the bacterial membrane damage by MW.
| Experimental setup |
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| MW frequency (GHz) | Energy/power | Exposure temperature (°C) | Exposure time (min) | Biological target/object | Effects | References |
| 18 | 1500 kW/m3 | 20–40 | 1 | E. coli | Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- conjugated dextran (150 kDa) was taken up by the MW-treated cells, suggesting that pores had formed within the cell membrane. | Shamis et al., 2011 |
| 18 | 5.0 kW/kg | <40 | 1 | Four cocci: Planococcus maritimus, Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus and S. epidermidis | Exposing the bacteria to an EMF induced permeability in the bacterial membranes of all strains studied. | Nguyen et al., 2015 |
| 37.01 | 0.4 mW/cm2 20 mW | <40 | – | E. coli | MW irradiation can transform the dynamic structural state of adsorbed water phases on biopolymer surfaces, which affect transport of ions K+ and H+ through the cellular membrane. | Kuznetsov et al., 2017 |
| 2.45 | 1800 W | 85 | 5 | Bacillus Cereus | MW results in the inactivation of Bacillus cereus by disrupting the cell membrane. | Cao et al., 2018 |
| – | 2000 W | 100 | 2 | B. subtilis | MW irradiation includes damage to the microbial cell wall. | Kim et al., 2008 |