Table 1. Comparison of medical records between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups.
| Indicators | Diabetic patients (n=22) | Non-diabetic patients (n=22) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 11 (50.00) | 11 (50.00) | 1 |
| Male | 11 (50.00) | 11 (50.00) | |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Junior high school or below | 19 (86.36) | 16 (72.73) | 0.455 |
| High school or technical secondary school | 3 (13.64) | 6 (27.27) | |
| Drinking history, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 9 (40.91) | 5(19.05) | 0.119 |
| No | 13 (59.09) | 17 (80.95) | |
| Current drinking, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 0 (0.00) | 2 (4.76) | 0.455 |
| No | 22 (100.00) | 20 (95.24) | |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 10 (45.45) | 7 (31.82) | 0.353 |
| No | 12 (54.55) | 15 (68.18) | |
| Current smoking, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 4 (18.18) | 4 (18.18) | 1 |
| No | 18 (81.82) | 18 (81.82) | |
| Dietary habit, n (%) | |||
| Carnivorous diet | 1 (4.55) | 1 (9.52) | 0.381 |
| Vegetarian diet | 16 (72.73) | 16 (52.38) | |
| Meat and vegetarian balanced diet | 5 (22.73) | 5 (38.10) | |
| Picky eating, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 4 (18.18) | 2(4.76) | 0.37 |
| No | 18 (81.82) | 20 (95.24) | |
| Exercise frequency, n (%) | |||
| Rarely | 12 (54.55) | 11 (50.00) | 0.576 |
| Sometimes | 9 (40.91) | 8 (36.36) | |
| Often | 1 (4.55) | 3 (13.64) | |
| Dialysis duration, n (%) | |||
| Less than 1 year | 11 (50.00) | 6 (27.27) | 0.183 |
| 1 to 5 years | 7 (31.82) | 7 (31.82) | |
| More than 5 years | 4 (18.18) | 9 (40.91) | |
| History of thyroid disease, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 1 (4.55) | 3 (13.64) | 0.6 |
| No | 21 (95.45) | 19 (86.36) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 6 (27.27) | 3 (13.64) | 0.455 |
| No | 16 (72.73) | 19 (86.36) | |
| History of digestive diseases, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 3 (13.64) | 1 (4.55) | 0.6 |
| No | 19 (86.36) | 21 (95.45) | |
| History of eye disease, n (%) | |||
| No | 11 (50.00) | 3 (13.64) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 11 (50.00) | 19 (86.36) | |
| History of kidney disease, n (%) | |||
| No | 15 (68.18) | 11 (50.00) | 0.33 |
| Kidney stone | 4 (18.18) | 4 (18.18) | |
| Nephritis | 3 (13.64) | 7 (31.82) | |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | |||
| No | 2 (9.09) | 2 (9.09) | 0.422 |
| 1–5 years | 11 (50.00) | 8 (36.36) | |
| 5–10 years | 4 (18.18) | 2 (9.09) | |
| More than 10 years | 5 (22.73) | 10 (45.45) | |
| History of hyperlipidemia, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 4 (18.18) | 4 (18.18) | 1 |
| No | 18 (81.82) | 18 (81.82) | |
| History of gout, n (%) | |||
| Yes | 11 (50.00) | 11 (50.00) | 1 |
| No | 11 (50.00) | 11 (50.00) | |
| Taking calcium supplements | |||
| Yes | 18 (81.82) | 16 (72.73) | 0.472 |
| No | 4 (18.18) | 6 (27.27) | |
| Age (years) | 60.0 (52.8, 66.5) | 57.0 (48.8, 67.0) | 0.411 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.8 (53.1, 68.1) | 57.5 (51.1, 65.4) | 0.865 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 (20.8, 24.6) | 22.5 (21.5, 24.4) | 1 |
| Waist (cm) | 82.0 (73.8, 86.8) | 80.75 (76.0, 89.5) | 0.849 |
| Hip (cm) | 88.5 (85.1, 94.5) | 88.5 (84.6, 95.3) | 0.945 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.910 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.895 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.822 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 145.0 (128.8, 155.5) | 128.5 (114.3, 144.3) | 0.012 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.5 (72.0, 85.3) | 82.0 (61.8, 85.0) | 0.73 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 11.5 (7.7, 15.3) | 5.7 (5.3, 6.7) | 0.000 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 9.5 (5.7, 15.7) | 10.8 (6.9, 16.2) | 0.533 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) (%) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.5) | 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) | 0.000 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 0.935 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.7 (3.9, 5.3) | 3.9 (3.1, 5.0) | 0.123 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.2 (2.1, 3.9) | 2.470 (1.7, 3.6) | 0.199 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.940 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.895 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.579 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 139.735 (136.5, 141.1) | 140.350 (137.6, 142.4) | 0.139 |
| K (mmol/L) | 5.090 (4.6, 5.3) | 5.0 (3.9, 5.6) | 0.725 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 1.425 (98.0, 102.2) | 101.510 (99.6, 105.6) | 0.119 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.210 (2.0, 2.3) | 2.225 (2.2, 2.3) | 0.672 |
| P (mmol/L) | 1.690 (1.3, 1.9) | 2.425 (1.9, 2.9) | 0.002 |
| AST (IU/L) | 12.3 (8.5, 17.3) | 12.935 (8.2, 16.2) | 1 |
| ALT (U/L) | 10.930 (6.6, 15.0) | 12.380 (8.2, 16.8) | 0.253 |
| GGT (U/L) | 18.770 (12.8, 28.7) | 21.710 (16.3, 35.5) | 0.162 |
| ALP (U/L) | 78.340 (60.9, 105.4) | 74.830 (62.2, 86.5) | 0.466 |
| Total albumin (g/L) | 67.870 (64.2, 70.8) | 68.010 (65.0, 69.7) | 0.789 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 38.870 (37.6, 40.8) | 40.155 (39.2, 41.5) | 0.162 |
| Globulin (g/L) | 29.0 (25.7, 31.0) | 27.950 (23.2, 29.7) | 0.181 |
| Pre-albumin (mg/L) | 280.0 (206.5, 331.0) | 328.5 (280.3, 356.5) | 0.042 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 4.930 (4.1, 6.1) | 6.250 (4.6, 8.2) | 0.068 |
| DBIL (μmol/L) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.0) | 2.060 (1.7, 2.6) | 0.082 |
| IBIL (μmol/L) | 3.1 (2.7, 4.2) | 4.150 (3.0, 5.2) | 0.117 |
| TBA (μmol/L) | 2.930 (1.6, 6.1) | 2.915 (1.8, 3.7) | 0.593 |
| Serum Cr (μmol/L) | 791.930 (559.1, 1,117.1) | 1,132.190 (11.3, 16.6) | 0.004 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 21.710 (16.5, 27.2) | 23.760 (18.8, 28.1) | 0.313 |
| Glomerular filtration rate GFR | 5.315 (3.6, 7.4) | 3.055 (2.4, 3.8) | 0.002 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 373.635 (342.0, 459.5) | 454.935 (387.9, 515.2) | 0.024 |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 6.865 (6.3, 7.3) | 7.225 (6.5, 8.7) | 0.253 |
| CO2 combining power (mmol/L) | 24.280 (20.1, 25.1) | 21.050 (18.4, 25.0) | 0.215 |
| RBC (1012/L) | 3.730 (3.5, 4.4) | 4.185 (3.7, 4.6) | 0.149 |
| Hb (g/L) | 105.5 (93.5, 112.0) | 107.5 (99.8, 122.8) | 0.366 |
| WBC (109/L) | 5.755 (5.0, 6.8) | 6.075 (3.8, 6.6) | 0.734 |
| PLT (109/L) | 176.0 (156.8, 211.0) | 171.0 (129.5, 222.0) | 0.565 |
| PTH (pmol/L) | 16.370 (6.0, 34.6) | 24.4 (14.5, 39.3) | 0.178 |
| β2 microglobulin (μg/L) | 19,861.280 (16,686.5, 258.0) | 26,835.260 (22,584.1, 28,808.5) | 0.018 |
| Folate (ng/mL) | 17.4 (5.2, 40.0) | 40.0 (4.8, 40.0) | 0.789 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 141.060 (37.0, 229.0) | 51.5 (21.7, 106.7) | 0.024 |
| Hs CRP (mg/L) | 0.7 (0.2, 4.6) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) | 0.5 |
| PINP (ng/mL) | 282.75 (192.8, 422.6) | 347.5 (305.3, 652.4) | 0.183 |
Measurement data are expressed as median (5% CI, 95% CI), and P<0.05 indicated a statistical difference. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, total triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; IBIL, indirect bilirubin; TBA, total bile acid; Cr, creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; RBC, red blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, white blood cell; PLT, platelet; PTH, parathyroid hormone; Hs CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; PINP, propeptide of Type I procollagen.