Table 3. In vitro anti-cancer effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on PCa.

Type of study	Cell line	Type of extract	Concentration	Effect	Mechanism	References
In vitro	PC-3	Nimbolide	1–2 µM	Inhibited cell survival and proliferation	Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways	(7)
In vitro	DU145 and LNCaP	Nimbolide	0–20 µM	Reduced invasion and migration, induced apoptosis	Inhibits STAT3 activation	(8)
In vitro	PC-3	Nimbolide	1–2 µM	Reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis	Inhibits IGF1/IGF1R-PI3K/Akt pathway	(9)
In vitro	PC-3	ENLE	10–100 µg/mL	Induced apoptosis	Increased Bcl-2 protein and decreased Bax protein	(10)
In vitro	LNCaP and PC-3	ENLE	50–100 µg/mL	Inhibited cell proliferation	Inhibits PI3K/Akt pathway	(11)
In vitro	C4-2B and PC-3M-luc2	ENLE	5–50 µg/mL	Inhibited tumor cell growth	Upregulated HMOX1 and AKR protein	(12)
In vitro	LNCaP-luc2 and PC-3	SENL	5–25 µg/mL	Suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis	Suppressed integrin and FAK signaling	(13)
In vitro	LNCaP	Neem oil	300 µg/mL	Induced apoptosis	Induced caspase and AIF mediated apoptosis	(14)

PCa, prostate cancer; ENLE, ethanolic Neem leaf extract; SENL, supercritical extract of Neem leaves.