Table 1.
List of included studies and characteristics.
| Population | Study type | Dates | Interventions | Group 1 | Group 2 | Primary outcome | Primary outcome occurrence in group 1 versus group 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimowitz et al.
9
WASID |
TIA/stroke (mRS ⩽ 3) within 90 days, with 50–99% stenosis of major intracranial artery (with age of at least 40 years) | Double-blind, multicenter clinical trial | February 1999 and July 2003 | Aspirin versus Warfarin | 289 (Warfarin) | 280 (Aspirin) | Ischemic stroke, brain haemorrhage or death from vascular causes others than stroke | 21.8% versus 22.1% p = 0.83 |
| Chimowitz et al.
10
SAMMPRIS |
Recent TIA/stroke attributed to stenosis of 70–99% of the diameter of a major intracranial artery | Investigator-initiated, randomized, clinical trial | November 2008–April 2011 | Aggressive medical management versus PTAS + aggressive medical management | 224 (ET + DAPT + aggressive medical management) | 227 (DAPT for 3 months + aggressive medical management) | Stroke in the territory of the qualifying artery or death during the follow-up period | 20.5% versus 11.5% p = 0.009 |
| Zaidat et al.
12
VISSIT |
18–85 years of age; and had symptomatic intracranial stenosis (70%-99%)involving the internal carotid, middle cerebral, intracranial vertebral or basilar arteries with a hard transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke attributable to the territory of the target lesion within the past 30 days. | Randomized multicenter clinical trial | January 2009–June 2012 | Medical therapy alone versus balloon-expandable stent plus medical therapy | 58 (ET + DAPT) | 53 (DAPT for 3 months) | Stroke or hard TIA in the territory of the qualifying artery within 12 months of randomization | 36.2% versus 15.1% p = 0.02 |
| Toyoda et al.
19
(Intracranial Subgroup analysis) |
Clinical diagnosis of noncardioembolic stroke that developed between 8 and 180 days before the start of the protocol treatment aged 20–85 years | Multicentre, open-label, randomized controlled trial | 13 December 2013, to 31 March 2017 | SAPT versus DAPT (with cilostozol) | 272 (SAPT) | 275 (DAPT with cilostazol for at least 6 months) | Ischemic stroke during the follow-up period | 9.2% versus 4% p < 0.001 |
| Wang et al.
24
CHANCE (ICAS subgroup analysis) |
Minor stroke (with ICAS) | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial | October 2009 and July 2012 | SAPT versus DAPT | 250 (SAPT) | 231 (DAPT for 21 days) | Stroke event (ischemic or haemorrhagic) at 90 days | 13.6% versus 11.3% p < 0.001 |
DAPT, dual anti-platelet therapy; ET, endovascular treatment; ICAS, intracranial arterial stenosis, PTAS, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting; SAPT, single anti-platelet therapy.