Table 1.
Quantitative trait nucleotides/loci identified by Genome wide association studies for major abiotic and biotic stresses in flax.
| Trait | QTN/QTL | Candidate gene | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress tolerance index | Lu6-17,376,408 | Lus10019811 (probable cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1) | Drought tolerance | Soto-Cerda et al., 2020 |
| Lus10019781 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) | Enhanced salt tolerance, drought, and cold tolerance | |||
| Lu14-23,517,150 | Lus10014978 (aquaporin PIP2-2) | Drought tolerance | ||
| Total root length stability | Lus-20,209,630 | Lus10039723 (IAA amido synthetase GH3.6) | Response to stress and root development | |
| Lus10039747 (diacylglycerol kinase 5) | Cold and drought stress tolerance | |||
| Lu6-19,733,117 | Lus10021019 (allene oxide synthase 3) | Stomatal closure and drought tolerance | ||
| Lus10020997 (S/T protein kinase SRK2E) | Response to water deprivation and regulation of stomatal closure | |||
| Total root volume stability | Lu6-15,961,789 | Lus10016017 (catalase isozyme C) | Promotes drought stress tolerance and response to water deprivation | |
| Root surface area stability | Lu5-4,774,423 | Lus10034840 (calcium transporting ATPase 9, plasma membrane type) | Pollen development | |
| Lu6-15,939,492 | Lus10016017 (catalase isozyme C) | Response to water deprivation, promotes drought stress tolerance and recovery | ||
| Bundle weight under drought stress | Chr9:4203006 | Lus10040333 (3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 19) | Drought tolerance and biomass related traits | Sertse et al., 2021 |
| Lus10040335 (ankyrin repeat-containing protein ITN1) | Salt and drought susceptibility index and biomass related traits | |||
| Chr8:16534117 | Lus10004554 (poltergeist like 1) | Root and Shoot development | ||
| Chr12:6352775 | Lus10016846 (two-component response regulator ARR1-related) | Shoot development and drought tolerance | ||
| Lus10016831 (early growth response gene 1) | Seed development and drought tolerance | |||
| Canopy temperature under drought stress | Chr2:23123754 | Lus10013240 (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 27) | Leaf size, veins, and drought susceptibility index | |
| Chr3:9279281 | Lus10019365 (stromal cell derived factor 2) | Heat stress and better stress tolerance indices | ||
| Chr9:18937269 | Lus10024816 (cytochrome p450, family 81, subfamily d, polypeptide 8) | Moisture stress tolerance | ||
| Seeds per boll | Chr9:15446958 | Lus10021766 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 | Drought susceptibility index | |
| Grain yield | Chr11:3972867 | Lus10042229 (CBL-interacting protein kinases) | Drought response | |
| Lus10042231 (translocon at the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts 110) | Heat shock and drought susceptibility index | |||
| Thousand seed weight under drought stress | Chr1:7029139 | Lus10029127 (Kelch repeat F-box) | Ovule development and stress tolerance index | |
| Lus10029115 (ribosomal pentatricopeptide repeat protein 4) | Seed development and stress tolerance | |||
| Chr12:10910146 | Lus10030137 (nuclear factor Y subunit A1) | Seed development and drought stress tolerance | ||
| Lus10030142 (nuclear pore anchor, translocated promoter region) | Flowering, auxin signaling | |||
| Plant height under drought stress | Chr5:1375386 | Lus10029690/1 (cellulose synthase interactive 3) | Flax fiber and stress tolerance index | |
| Lus10029692 (AFI) | Xylem development and stress tolerance | |||
| Chr8:2514743 | Lus10025166 (PIN-LIKES 3) | Plant height and drought tolerance | ||
| Lus10025172 (set domain protein 25) | Flowering time | |||
| Chr14:205508 | Lus10009472 (agamous-like 12) | Drought tolerance, root growth | ||
| Lus10009476 (C-terminally encoded peptide receptor 2,) | Biomass and N uptake | |||
| Lus10009480 (wax inducer 1) | Cell wall structure | |||
| Lus10009481 (agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL11) | Plant height | |||
| Yield | Chr12:20557728 | Lus10031398 (inositol Monophosphatase 1) | Drought tolerance | |
| Pasmo resistance | QTL45/Lu9-6,270,376 | Lus10031043 (leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase) | Bacterial pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptor | He et al., 2019a |
| Lus10031058 (elongation factor) | Effector triggered immunity | |||
| Fusarium wilt resistance | afB13 | -- | -- | You and Cloutier, 2020 |
| Powdery mildew resistance | QPM-crc-LG1 (Lu2698-Lu2712) | -- | -- | Asgarinia et al., 2013; You and Cloutier, 2020 |
| QPM-crc-LG7 (Lu2810-Lu2832) | ||||
| QPM-crc-LG9 (Lu1125a-Lu932) | ||||
| - | Pm1 | Rashid and Duguid, 2005 | ||
| Lu4-12,432,479 | Lus10036891 | RGA (WRKY transcription factor) | You et al., 2022 | |
| Lu5-1,534,998 | Lus10004727 | RGA (receptor like kinases: RLK) | ||
| Lu5-1,535,619 | Lus10004726 | RGA [toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR: TNL] | ||
| Lu5-1,569,098 | Lus10004719 | RGA [toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR: TNL] | ||
| Lu5-3,006,723 | Lus10032303 | RGA (WRKY transcription factor) | ||
| Lu5-3,224,350 | Lus10032351 | RGA (receptor like kinases: RLK) | ||
| Lu5-13,271,207 | Lus10029860 | RGA [toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR:TNL] | ||
| Lu6-1,883,039 | Lus10017649 | RGA (receptor like kinases: RLK) | ||
| Lu12-16,614,785 | Lus10027903 | RGA (receptor like protein: RLPs) | ||
| Lu13-4,531,367 | Lus10019708 | RGA [toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR (TNL)] | ||
| Lu14-1,171,479 | Lus10028639 | RGA (coiled coil-NBS-LRR: CNL) | ||
| Lu14-17,203,266 | Lus10039211 | RGA [toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR (TNL)] | ||
| Lu15-50,397 | Lus10007610 | RGA (receptor like kinases: RLK) | ||
| Lu15-3,991,048 | Lus10012678 | RGA (WRKY transcription factor) |