Table 3.
Important genes which are upregulated and downregulated in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses in flax.
| Trait | Upregulated/downregulated genes | References |
|---|---|---|
| Drought | NAC domain proteins | Saha et al., 2021 |
| Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase-2, lipid transfer protein, photosystem I reaction center, EF-tu, Cell wall synthesis genes, r2r3-MYB transcription factor, LEA5, dehydrin, BRU1 precursor, cell modulin binding heat-shock protein, cytochrome P450 family proteins, histone h2b, AP2/ERF domain containing transcription factor, and brassinosteroid insensitive I-associated receptor kinase 1. | Dash et al., 2014 | |
| PEG induced osmotic stress | Transcription factors such as NAC, LEA, WRKY, ERF, and bZIP | Wu et al., 2018 |
| Salinity-alkalinity | NAC family members, HSP70, WRKY, MAPKKK, ABA, and PrxR | Yu et al., 2014 |
| miRNA targeted genes Lus-miRNAs | Neutelings et al., 2012; Melnikova et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2016 | |
| Myb domain protein, Transcription regulators, Auxin signaling F-box, UBE2 gene, and mitochondrial transcription termination factor family protein | Barvkar et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2016 | |
| Heat | Heat shock factors | Saha et al., 2019 |
| miRNAs and phasiRNAs | Pokhrel and Meyers, 2022 | |
| Heat shock factors (HSP101B:GUS) | Young, 2003 | |
| GUS activity showed in sepals, petals, and pistils | Cross, 2002 | |
| Nutrient stress | WRKY, JAZ, HARBI1, and ING1 families | Dmitriev et al., 2016b |
| lus-miR-N1, miR399, miR168, miR169, miR395, miR398, miR399, miR408, and lus-miR-N1 | Melnikova et al., 2015, 2016 | |
| Aluminum stress | miR319, miR390, miR393, glutathione-S-transferase, and UDP-glycosyl-transferase | Dmitriev et al., 2017 |
| High soil acidity and Aluminum stress | CAX3-Ca2+/H+ antiporter | Zyablitsin et al., 2018 |
| Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini) | PAL, PCBER, SRG1, UGT73C3, AAA-ATPase ASD, mitochondrial (AATPA), glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase, MYB transcription factors, ERD dehydrins, and Auxin-responsive protein SAUR, WKY3, WRKY70, WRKY75, MYB113, and MYB108 | Hano et al., 2008; Galindo-Gonzalez and Deyholos, 2016; Dmitriev et al., 2017 |
| Fusarium culmorum | PAL, CCR, CAD, UGT, and TD | Kostyn et al., 2012 |
| Rust (Melamspora lini) | Avrs and CWDEs | Wu et al., 2019b |
NAC, nascent polypeptide-associated complex; MYB, myeloblastosis; LEA, late embryogenesis–abundant; ERF, ethylene responsive factors; bZIP, basic-leucine zipper; BRU1, brassino-steroid regulated protein; HSP, heat shock proteins; MAPKKK, mitogen activated protein kinase; AP2/ERF, APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor; UBE2, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2; JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain; HARBI1, harbinger transposase-derived nuclease; ING1, inhibitor of growth 1; UGT73C3, UDP-glycosyltransferase 73C3; EF-tu, Elongation factor thermal unstable; GUS, b-glucuronidase; SRG1, senescence related gene 1; PCBER, phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; CCR, cinnamoyl CoA reductase; CAD, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; UGT, UDP-glycosyltransferase; TD, tyrosine decarboxylase; AVRs, avirulence genes; and CWDEs, cell wall degrading enzymes.