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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Serv. 2021 Dec 30;20(1):157–165. doi: 10.1037/ser0000607

Table 1.

Socioenvironmental Bivariate Relationships Between Multimorbid OUD + CP Versus OUD Only or CP Only

1. OUD and pain
2. OUD only
3. Pain only
1 versus 2 effect size
1 versus 3 effect size
Socioenvironmental M SD M SD M SD Cohen’s d Cohen’s d
Age     50.43     12.63     49.25     13.88     57.72     15.47 −0.08 −0.47
Income ($) 16,980 22,345 15,663 25,140 27,805 54,729  0.020 −0.20
N % N % N % Risk ratio Risk ratio

Male 30,993 93.45 12,004 95.9 1,832,084 90.91 0.97 1.03
White 23,486 74.54   8,184 70.35 1,360,474 76.29 1.06 0.98
Hispanic   1,970   9.44   854 12.70    129,783 14.99 0.74 0.63
Urban area residents 25,208 77.86 10,304 83.96 1,365,596 70.43 0.93 1.11
Large rural area residents   3,233   9.99   875   7.13    237,022 12.22 1.40 0.82
Small rural area residents   2,280   7.04   674   5.49    186,606   9.62 1.28 0.73
Isolated rural area residents   1,653   5.11   420   3.42    149,608   7.72 1.49 0.67
OIF/OEF era veterans   4,614 13.91   2,203 17.6    252,953 12.55 0.79 1.11
VA pension   2,882   8.69   1,088   8.69   59,844   2.97 1.00 2.93
Service connected 50% or more   9,602 28.95   2,366 18.90    556,459 27.61 1.53 1.05
Service connected less than 50%   5,508 16.61   1,734 13.85    448,242 22.24 1.20 0.75
Homeless in past year 10,822 32.63   3,172 25.34   94,469   4.69 1.29 6.96

Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; CP = chronic pain; OIF/OEF = Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom; VA = Veteran Affairs.