Table 1.
Socioenvironmental Bivariate Relationships Between Multimorbid OUD + CP Versus OUD Only or CP Only
| 1. OUD and pain |
2. OUD only |
3. Pain only |
1 versus 2 effect size |
1 versus 3 effect size |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socioenvironmental | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d |
| Age | 50.43 | 12.63 | 49.25 | 13.88 | 57.72 | 15.47 | −0.08 | −0.47 |
| Income ($) | 16,980 | 22,345 | 15,663 | 25,140 | 27,805 | 54,729 | 0.020 | −0.20 |
| N | % | N | % | N | % | Risk ratio | Risk ratio | |
|
| ||||||||
| Male | 30,993 | 93.45 | 12,004 | 95.9 | 1,832,084 | 90.91 | 0.97 | 1.03 |
| White | 23,486 | 74.54 | 8,184 | 70.35 | 1,360,474 | 76.29 | 1.06 | 0.98 |
| Hispanic | 1,970 | 9.44 | 854 | 12.70 | 129,783 | 14.99 | 0.74 | 0.63 |
| Urban area residents | 25,208 | 77.86 | 10,304 | 83.96 | 1,365,596 | 70.43 | 0.93 | 1.11 |
| Large rural area residents | 3,233 | 9.99 | 875 | 7.13 | 237,022 | 12.22 | 1.40 | 0.82 |
| Small rural area residents | 2,280 | 7.04 | 674 | 5.49 | 186,606 | 9.62 | 1.28 | 0.73 |
| Isolated rural area residents | 1,653 | 5.11 | 420 | 3.42 | 149,608 | 7.72 | 1.49 | 0.67 |
| OIF/OEF era veterans | 4,614 | 13.91 | 2,203 | 17.6 | 252,953 | 12.55 | 0.79 | 1.11 |
| VA pension | 2,882 | 8.69 | 1,088 | 8.69 | 59,844 | 2.97 | 1.00 | 2.93 |
| Service connected 50% or more | 9,602 | 28.95 | 2,366 | 18.90 | 556,459 | 27.61 | 1.53 | 1.05 |
| Service connected less than 50% | 5,508 | 16.61 | 1,734 | 13.85 | 448,242 | 22.24 | 1.20 | 0.75 |
| Homeless in past year | 10,822 | 32.63 | 3,172 | 25.34 | 94,469 | 4.69 | 1.29 | 6.96 |
Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; CP = chronic pain; OIF/OEF = Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom; VA = Veteran Affairs.