Table 2.
Medical and Mental Health Diagnoses Bivariate Relationships Between OUD + CP Versus OUD Only or CP Only
| 1. OUD and pain |
2. OUD only |
3. Pain only |
1 versus 2 effect size |
1 versus 3 effect size |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical diagnoses | N | % | N | % | N | % | Risk ratio | Risk ratio |
| Seizures | 689 | 2.08 | 100 | 0.80 | 15,727 | 0.78 | 2.60 | 2.66 |
| Insomnia | 3,633 | 10.95 | 637 | 5.09 | 119,844 | 5.95 | 2.15 | 1.84 |
| Myocardial infarction | 395 | 1.19 | 68 | 0.54 | 31,862 | 1.58 | 2.19 | 0.75 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,421 | 4.28 | 292 | 2.33 | 115,860 | 5.75 | 1.84 | 0.75 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1,278 | 3.85 | 275 | 2.20 | 108,322 | 5.37 | 1.75 | 0.72 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 6,403 | 19.31 | 1,497 | 11.96 | 301,577 | 14.96 | 1.61 | 1.29 |
| Connective tissue disease | 315 | 0.95 | 59 | 0.47 | 27,507 | 1.36 | 2.01 | 0.70 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 484 | 1.46 | 62 | 0.50 | 18,931 | 0.94 | 2.95 | 1.55 |
| Hepatic disease | 4,726 | 14.25 | 1,547 | 12.36 | 63,488 | 3.15 | 1.15 | 4.52 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5,653 | 17.04 | 1,426 | 11.39 | 518,931 | 25.75 | 1.50 | 0.66 |
| Complications of diabetes | 1,511 | 4.56 | 91 | 0.73 | 175,028 | 8.68 | 6.27 | 0.52 |
| Paraplegia | 432 | 1.3 | 58 | 0.46 | 18,109 | 0.90 | 2.81 | 1.45 |
| Renal disease | 1,084 | 3.27 | 287 | 2.29 | 112,083 | 5.56 | 1.43 | 0.59 |
| HIV | 486 | 1.47 | 275 | 2.20 | 9,282 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 3.18 |
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
|
| ||||||||
| Number of major medical diagnoses | 2.29 | 1.55 | 0.94 | 1.14 | 2.06 | 1.49 | 0.91 | 0.15 |
| Pain diagnoses | N | % | N | % | N | % | Risk ratio | Risk ratio |
|
| ||||||||
| Headache | 5,096 | 15.37 | — | — | 238,827 | 11.85 | — | 1.30 |
| Diabetic pain | 1,437 | 4.33 | — | — | 157,363 | 7.81 | — | 0.55 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 18,353 | 55.34 | — | — | 989,001 | 49.07 | — | 1.13 |
| Fibromyalgia | 1,617 | 4.88 | — | — | 69,922 | 3.47 | — | 1.41 |
| Skeletal muscle spasm | 1,368 | 4.12 | — | — | 74,606 | 3.70 | — | 1.11 |
| Herpetic pain | 608 | 1.83 | — | — | 25,021 | 1.24 | — | 1.48 |
| Mental health disorders | N | % | N | % | N | % | Risk ratio | Risk ratio |
|
| ||||||||
| Schizophrenia | 1,763 | 5.32 | 581 | 4.64 | 35,910 | 1.78 | 1.15 | 2.98 |
| Bipolar disorder | 4,413 | 13.31 | 1,088 | 8.69 | 60,092 | 2.98 | 1.53 | 4.46 |
| Major depression | 8,345 | 25.16 | 1,971 | 15.75 | 178,985 | 8.88 | 1.60 | 2.83 |
| Other depression (e.g., dysthymia) | 18,154 | 54.74 | 4,752 | 37.96 | 451,131 | 22.38 | 1.44 | 2.45 |
| PTSD | 12,403 | 37.40 | 3,418 | 27.31 | 357,066 | 17.72 | 1.37 | 2.11 |
| Anxiety disorders | 11,431 | 34.47 | 2,846 | 22.74 | 253,494 | 12.58 | 1.52 | 2.74 |
| Adjustment disorders | 4,084 | 12.31 | 985 | 7.87 | 98,936 | 4.91 | 1.56 | 2.51 |
| Personality disorders | 3,841 | 11.58 | 686 | 5.48 | 29,349 | 1.46 | 2.11 | 7.95 |
| Other psychiatric diagnoses | 9,827 | 29.63 | 2,276 | 18.18 | 242,190 | 12.02 | 1.63 | 2.47 |
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Cohen’s d | Cohen’s d | |
|
| ||||||||
| Number of psychiatric diagnoses | 2.3 | 1.61 | 1.53 | 1.38 | 0.86 | 1.16 | 0.66 | 1.23 |
| Substance use disorders | N | % | N | % | N | % | Risk ratio | Risk ratio |
|
| ||||||||
| Alcohol | 14,621 | 44.08 | 5,002 | 39.96 | 164,616 | 8.17 | 1.1 | 5.40 |
| Amphetamines | 1,781 | 5.37 | 633 | 5.06 | 6,146 | 0.30 | 1.06 | 17.61 |
| Cannabis | 6,798 | 20.50 | 2,295 | 18.34 | 44,632 | 2.21 | 1.12 | 9.26 |
| Cocaine | 9,052 | 27.29 | 3,385 | 27.04 | 39,556 | 1.96 | 1.01 | 13.91 |
| Sedatives | 3,274 | 9.87 | 1,026 | 8.20 | 2,934 | 0.15 | 1.20 | 67.81 |
| Tobacco | 16,909 | 50.98 | 5,290 | 42.26 | 386,146 | 19.16 | 1.21 | 2.66 |
Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; CP = chronic pain; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.