Table 3.

VA Clinical Service Use Bivariate Relationships Between OUD + CP Versus OUD Only or CP Only

Inpatient/residential service use	1. OUD and pain		2. OUD only		3. Pain only		1 versus 2 effect size	1 versus 3 effect size
	N	%	N	%	N	%	Risk ratio	Risk ratio
Any mental health inpatient treatment	8,661	26.11	1,773	14.16	34,001	1.69	1.84	15.48
Any residential treatment	5,188	15.64	1,119	8.94	15,954	0.79	1.75	19.76
Any medical–surgical inpatient treatment	7,154	21.57	1,101	8.8	176,184	8.74	2.45	2.47
Outpatient visits	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	Cohen’s d
Emergency room visits	2.64	4.66	0.9	1.78	0.65	1.63	1.01	1.16
Medical and surgical visits	13.61	12.95	5.42	7.55	9.66	10.46	0.78	0.38
Psychiatric or substance use outpatient visits	37.62	58.95	31.9	54.98	4.02	15.65	0.32	1.90
All outpatient visits	51.22	61.59	37.31	56.55	13.68	19.87	0.64	1.74
Prescription medications	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	Cohen’s d	Cohen’s d
Antidepressant prescriptions	11.53	22.3	5.19	12.16	3.08	9.63	0.63	0.85
Antipsychotic prescriptions	5.25	16.75	2.51	12.22	0.87	7.57	0.35	0.56
Anxiolytic/sedative prescriptions	4.48	9.3	1.84	5.02	1.58	4.54	0.57	0.62
Stimulant prescriptions	0.22	3.11	0.16	1.62	0.07	0.92	0.06	0.15
Anticonvulsant/mood stabilizer prescriptions	5.24	15.46	1.47	6.88	1.28	6.92	0.53	0.55
Lithium prescription	0.43	4.21	0.2	2.22	0.07	1.57	0.14	0.22
Opiate prescription	8.45	11.21	4.27	8.17	2.38	5.26	0.77	1.12
Number of psychotropic medications	27.14	48.64	11.37	26.59	6.94	20.58	0.74	0.95
	N	%	N	%	N	%	Risk ratio	Risk ratio
More than three prescription drug classes	11,720	35.34	1,794	14.33	183,120	9.09	2.47	3.89

Note. VA = Veteran Affairs; OUD = opioid use disorder; CP = chronic pain.