Table 4.
Multinomial Logistic Regression Comparison of Comorbid and Single Disorder Groups
| OUD + CP versus OUD only |
OUD + CP versus CP only |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | 95% confidence intervals |
Standardized regression coefficient | Odds ratio | 95% confidence intervals |
Standardized regression coefficient | |||
| Variable | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Socioenvironmental | ||||||||
| Age (10 years) | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | −0.04 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | −0.18 |
| Income/$1,000 | 1.002 | 1.001 | 1.003 | 0.05 | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.997 | −0.11 |
| Isolated rural | 1.58 | 1.42 | 1.76 | 0.07 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.97 | −0.01 |
| Pension | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.92 | −0.02 | 2.11 | 2.02 | 2.21 | 0.07 |
| Homeless | 1.17 | 1.10 | 1.23 | 0.02 | 2.11 | 2.05 | 2.18 | 0.09 |
| Service connection > 50% | 1.27 | 1.20 | 1.34 | 0.06 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 0.02 |
| Medical diagnoses | ||||||||
| Number of medical diagnoses (excluding pain diagnoses) | 2.44 | 2.39 | 2.49 | 0.73 | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 0.07 |
| Mental health diagnoses | ||||||||
| Number of substance use disorders (excluding OUD) | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.88 | −0.04 | 2.31 | 2.13 | 2.51 | 0.25 |
| Number of mental health diagnoses | 1.25 | 1.23 | 1.27 | 0.15 | 1.41 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 0.23 |
| Numbers of medications | ||||||||
| Psychotropic prescriptions (five prescriptions) | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.04 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | −0.02 |
| Opiate prescriptions | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.04 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 0.27 |
| VA clinical service use | ||||||||
| Any mental health inpatient treatment | 1.24 | 1.15 | 1.34 | 0.02 | 2.72 | 2.61 | 2.82 | 0.08 |
| Any residential treatment | 1.37 | 1.26 | 1.49 | 0.02 | 1.33 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 0.02 |
| Any medical–surgical inpatient | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.80 | −0.05 | 1.64 | 1.58 | 1.70 | 0.08 |
| Emergency department visits (five visits) | 1.49 | 1.40 | 1.59 | 0.08 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.28 | −0.05 |
| Medical and surgical visits (five visits) | 1.49 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 0.46 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | −0.03 |
| Psychiatric or substance use outpatient visits (five visits) | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | −0.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 0.08 |
Note. OUD = opioid use disorder; CP = chronic pain; VA = Veteran Affairs. All variables were significant at p < .0001 except comparisons of the OUD + CP and OUD only on income and CP only on residence in isolated rural areas were both p < .01.