Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects
| Characteristics | Oxycodone group (n = 184) | Hydromorphone group (n = 186) | Sufentanil group (n = 184) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men, no. (%) | 74(40.2) | 66(35.5) | 58(31.5) | 0.219 |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 53.1(10.6) | 53.5(12.5) | 51.6(12.6) | 0.282 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 22.93(2.89) | 22.94(2.79) | 22.71(2.87) | 0.677 |
| ASA physical status, no. (%) | 0.379 | |||
| I | 1(0.5) | 1(0.5) | 2(1.1) | |
| II | 171(92.9) | 163(87.6) | 163(88.6) | |
| III | 12(6.5) | 22(11.8) | 19(10.3) | |
| IV-V | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Smoking status, no. (%) | 0.295 | |||
| Never | 145(78.8) | 157(84.4) | 155(84.2) | |
| Former | 36(19.6) | 29(15.6) | 27(14.7) | |
| Current | 3(1.6) | 0(0.0) | 2(1.1) | |
| Apfel risk factors for PONVa, no. (%) | 0.218 | |||
| 1 | 38(20.7) | 24(12.9) | 24(13.0) | |
| 2 | 38(20.7) | 41(22.0) | 37(20.1) | |
| 3 | 103(56.0) | 111(59.7) | 118(64.1) | |
| 4 | 5(2.7) | 10(5.4) | 5(2.7) | |
| History of chronic pain, no. (%) | 9(4.9) | 13(7.0) | 20(10.9) | 0.089 |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 30(16.3) | 27(14.5) | 31(16.8) | 0.814 |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 14(7.6) | 14(7.5) | 8(4.3) | 0.350 |
| Chronic bronchitis or emphysema, no. (%) | 15(8.2) | 25(13.4) | 21(11.4) | 0.261 |
| Expected maximal pain on coughb, median (IQR) | 4(4,5) | 4(4,5) | 4(4,5) | 0.831 |
| Expected maximal pain at restb, median (IQR) | 2(2,2) | 2(2,2) | 2(2,2) | 0.784 |
| Expected average painb, median (IQR) | 3(3,3) | 3(3,3) | 3(3,3) | 0.778 |
| QoR-15 score, median (IQR) | 142(139,144) | 142(139,144) | 143(139,144) | 0.539 |
Data are presented as the mean (SD), median (IQR), or number (%)
Abbreviations: ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI body mass index, IQR interquartile range, PONV postoperative nausea and vomiting, QoR-15 Quality of Recovery-15 questionnaire, SD standard deviation
aApfel risk factors for PONV: female sex, previous history of postoperative nausea and vomiting or motion sickness, being a nonsmoker, and expected use of post-operative opioids for analgesia
bPain rated on a 0–10 numerical rating scale