Table 3.
Concentration of inflammatory biomarkers sorted as healthy controls and COVID-19 patients.
| Parameters | Healthy Controls, n=134, Median (IQR) | Cases, n=126, Median (IQR) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| CRP (mg/L) | 1 (0.40, 2.50) | 82.50 (22.75,157.3) | <.0001* |
| ICAM-1(mg/L) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.60) | 0.88 (0.62,1.24) | <.0001* |
| SAA (mg/L) | 1.90 (1.20, 3.70) | 209.5 (46, 777.5) | <.001* |
| VCAM-1(mg/L) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.32) | <.001* |
| CCL11 (ng/L) | 152.9 (88.67,244.6) | 102.6 (68.25,148.8) | <.001* |
| CCL26 (ng/L) | 22.06 (13.49,31.83) | 26.76 (19.74,38.44) | .0002* |
| CXCL10 (ng/L) | 145.1(96.92,196.0) | 1582 (284.9, 3169) | <.001* |
| CCL2 (ng/L) | 46.84 (34.50,73.88) | 50.78 (37.17,92.48) | .0977 |
| CCL13 (ng/L) | 96.67 (61.27,138.5) | 67.16 (50.86,103.0) | .0002* |
| CCL22 (ng/L) | 725.7 (597.2,880.9) | 438.9 (296.3,651.0) | <.0001* |
| CCL3 (ng/L) | 7.32 (5.35,9.57) | 13.46 (9.19,19.51) | <.0001* |
| CCL4 (ng/L) | 69.94 (53.32,91.02) | 61.38 (49.66,85.14) | .0917 |
| CCL17 (ng/L) | 185.4 (95.57,265.5) | 70.77 (43.67,126.6) | <.0001* |
| IFN-Ƴ (ng/L) | 3.17 (2.20,5.47) | 4.95 (2.51,19.80) | <.001* |
| IL-10 (ng/L) | 0.19 (0.15,0.26) | 1.11 (0.40, 2.78) | <.0001* |
| IL-12p70 (ng/L) | 0.20 (0.16,0.30) | 0.21 (0.13,0.35) | .9185 |
| IL-13 (ng/L) | 0.85 (0.44,1.33) | 0.99 (0.54, 1.51) | .0648 |
| IL-1β (ng/L) | 0.17 (0.11,0.24) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.27) | .0433 |
| IL-2 (ng/L) | 0.53 (0.34,0.77) | 0.66 (0.41,1.05) | .0035 |
| IL-4 (ng/L) | 0.03 (0.02,0.04) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) | .3085 |
| IL-6 (ng/L) | 0.40 (0.28,0.62) | 5.13 (1.93, 11.77) | <.0001* |
| IL-8 (ng/L) | 6.81 (4.47,8.95) | 14.11 (7.75, 27.03) | <.0001* |
| TNF-α (ng/L) | 1.21 (0.98,1.49) | 1.83 (1.19,2.69) | <.0001* |
| GM-CSF (ng/L) | 0.00 (0.0,0.04) | 0.03 (0.0,0.13) | <.0001* |
| IL-12/IL-23p40 (ng/L) | 59.20 (47.28,76.98) | 40.27 (12.99,76.30) | <.0001* |
| IL-15 (ng/L) | 1.23 (1.05,1.42) | 3.71 (2.15,5.20) | <.0001* |
| IL-16 (ng/L) | 201.0 (136.7,534.4) | 161.9 (113.8, 266.8) | .0011* |
| IL-17A (ng/L) | 1.45 (1.02, 2.01) | 1.61 (0.73, 2.79) | .7975 |
| IL-1α (ng/L) | 1.54 (0.94, 2.38) | 2.56 (1.79, 3.89) | <.0001* |
| IL-5 (ng/L) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.65) | 0.17 (0.06, 0.53) | .0207 |
| IL-7 (ng/L) | 2.46 (1.76, 4.05) | 4.30 (2.25, 7.54) | <.0001* |
| TNF-β (ng/L) | 0.14 (0.10,0.19) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.15) | <.0001* |
| VEGF (ng/L) | 130.1 (60.12,247.6) | 44.27 (8.59,180.0) | <.0001* |
| Flt-1(ng/L) | 82.80 (66.23,99.21) | 410.1 (170.7, 951.9) | <.0001* |
| PlGF (ng/L) | 3.87 (3.34, 4.44) | 8.77 (5.67,11.91) | <.0001* |
| Tie-2 (ng/L) | 3265 (2662, 3797) | 1970 (1659, 2398) | <.0001* |
| VEGF-C (ng/L) | 204.1 (144.3, 336.2) | 109.4 (44.78, 175.0) | <.0001* |
| VEGF-D (ng/L) | 1343 (975.1, 1894) | 1283 (793.3, 2125) | .8696 |
| bFGF (ng/L) | 5.19 (2.87, 16.99) | 14.95 (5.58, 33.35) | <.0001* |
Bold p value emphasizes 0.05 criteria met. *p value emphasizes Bonferroni (0.05/39) criteria met. Analytes were: Basic fibroblast growth factor, (bFGF); C-reactive protein, (CRP); eosinophil chemotactic proteins, (CCL11, CCL26); fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, (Flt-1); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, (GM-CSF); intercellular adhesion molecule 1, (ICAM-1); interferons, (IFN-γ); IFN-γ-inducible protein-10, (CXCL10); interleukins, (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17A); macrophage-derived chemokine, (CCL22); macrophage-inflammatory protein (CCL3, CCL4); monocyte chemoattractant protein (CCL2, CCL13); placental growth factor (PIGF); serum amyloid A (SAA); thymus activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17); tumor necrosis factors (TNF-α, TNF-β); tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (Tie-2);vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D). Samples were analyzed by a validated multiplex ELISA with intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation typically below 10%.