Table 3.
Previous studies on the effects of H2S in obstructive kidney disease.
| Model | Treatment | Dose | Effects of H2S | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| male C57BL/6 male mice | NaHS | 1.12, 5.6, or 28 μg kg–1 BW | –exerted antifibrotic effects | –preservation of antioxidant enzymes –inhibits activation of TGF–β/Smad 3 signals – mitigates activation of NF–κB and inflammation. |
[145] |
| male Sprague–Dawley rats | NaHS intraperitoneally once daily 3 days before surgery and continued for 1 to 2 weeks after operation | 5.6, 56, and 560 μg kg–1 day–1 | –inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of renal fibroblasts | –downregulate the expressions of proliferation–related genes –block the TGF–β1–Smad signaling –blockade of MAPK kinases activation |
[146] |
| male Lewis rats | GYY4137 intraperitoneally continued for 30 days after operation | 200 μmol kg–1 day–1 | –decreased Scr and the ACR –mitigated cortical loss –mitigated tubulointerstitial fibrosis |
–exerted anti–inflammatory effects –alleviated EMT progression |
[147] |
| male Lewis rats | GYY4137 intraperitoneally continued for 14 and 30 days after operation | 200 μmol kg–1 day–1 | –accelerated the recovery of renal function –attenuated renal injury |
–regulated the TGF–β1–mediated EMT pathway | [148] |
| C57/BL6 mice | NaHS | 50 μg kg–1 day–1 | –attenuated renal damage and fibrosis | –inhibited M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration –suppressed NLRP3 activation, inactivated NF–κB and IL4/STAT6 signaling |
[144] |
| male Wistar rats | NaHS intraperitoneally 3 days before surgery and continued for 9 days after operation | 5 mg kg–1 day–1 | –reduced tubulointerstitial injury | –exerted antioxidant effects (reduced MDA levels, increased SOD levels) –exerted anti–inflammatory effects (reduced TNF–α levels) |
[149] |
| male Wistar albino rats | NaHS intraperitoneally 14 days after operation | 56 μmol kg–1 day–1 | –reduced tubular necrosis | –exerted antioxidant effects (improved oxidant status) –exerted anti–inflammatory effects |
[150] |
| male C57BL/6 mice | NaHS intraperitoneally once daily 3 days before surgery and continued for 1 to 2 weeks after operation | – | –protected vascular endothelial cells | –reduced excessive autophagy (suppressed the ROS–AMPK pathway) | [151] |
Abbreviations: NaHS (sodium hydrosulfide); Scr (serum creatinine); ACR (urine protein–to–creatinine excretion ratio); EMT (epithelial–mesenchymal transition); MDA (malondialdehyde); SOD (superoxide dismutase); NF–κB (nuclear factor κB); MAPK (mitogen–activated protein kinase).