Table 3.
Baseline vs. post-intervention within group comparisons and summary statistics for primary and secondary outcomes.
| Group | Descriptive statistics M (SD) | Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post-intervention | p-value | Effect size (Cohen’s dz) | ||
| Primary outcomes | |||||
| GHQ total | aPM+ /TAU | 6.45 (1.19) | 4.83 (1.81) | <.001 | 1.04 |
| TAU | 6.38 (2.42) | 6.58 (2.61) | .469 (ns) | 0.15 | |
| GHQ somatic | aPM+ /TAU | 1.69 (0.46) | 1.31 (0.64) | .003 | 0.64 |
| TAU | 1.63 (0.60) | 1.70 (0.77) | .511 (ns) | 0.14 | |
| GHQ anxiety/insomnia | aPM+ /TAU | 1.89 (0.43) | 1.37 (0.66) | .002 | 0.75 |
| TAU | 1.77 (0.75) | 1.86 (0.81) | .413 (ns) | 0.17 | |
| GHQ social dysfunction | aPM+ /TAU | 1.57 (0.49) | 1.30 (0.53) | .014 | 0.52 |
| TAU | 1.50 (0.56) | 1.62 (0.65) | .099 (ns) | 0.34 | |
| GHQ depression | aPM+ /TAU | 1.31 (0.63) | 0.84 (0.56) | <.001 | 0.99 |
| TAU | 1.49 (0.94) | 1.41 (0.81) | .614 (ns)a | 0.13 | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| PMLDC frequency | aPM+ /TAU | 2.95 (0.57) | 2.51 (0.71) | .001 | 0.99 |
| TAU | 2.84 (0.53) | 2.85 (0.71) | .940 (ns) | 0.02 | |
| PMLDC distress | aPM+ /TAU | 5.40 (1.52) | 4.39 (1.70) | .001 | 0.98 |
| TAU | 5.42 (1.41) | 5.53 (1.93) | .707 (ns) | 0.08 | |
| ITQ PTSD | aPM+ /TAU | 13.67 (4.22) | 10.96 (5.50) | .005 | 0.61 |
| TAU | 14.8 (4.44) | 13.96 (5.98) | .422 (ns) | 0.16 | |
| ITQ DSO | aPM+ /TAU | 12.38 (5.05) | 10.21 (5.32) | .011 | 0.54 |
| TAU | 12.80 (6.32) | 12.40 (6.74) | .697 (ns) | 0.08 | |
| WHOQOL physical | aPM+ /TAU | 2.54 (0.62) | 2.30 (0.70) | .019 | 0.50 |
| TAU | 2.80 (0.73) | 2.89 (0.78) | .321 (ns) | 0.20 | |
| WHOQOL psychological | aPM+ /TAU | 3.14 (0.63) | 2.76 (0.67) | .004 | 0.64 |
| TAU | 3.08 (0.83) | 3.15 (0.89) | .460 (ns) | 0.15 | |
| WHOQOL social | aPM+ /TAU | 2.83 (0.83) | 2.54 (0.81) | .011 | 0.55 |
| TAU | 2.88 (0.70) | 2.88 (0.84) | 1.000 (ns) | 0 | |
| WHOQOL environment | aPM+ /TAU | 2.50 (0.48) | 2.35 (0.49) | .107 (ns) | 0.33 |
| TAU | 2.50 (0.56) | 2.42 (0.62) | .434 (ns) | 0.15 | |
| PSYCHLOPS | aPM+ /TAU | 4.61 (0.51) | 3.94 (0.74) | .002 | 0.74 |
| TAU | 4.59 (0.57) | 4.33 (0.54) | .095 (ns) | 0.35 | |
| IPL-12 integration | aPM+ /TAU | 2.41 (0.59) | 2.45 (0.55) | .688 (ns) | 0.08 |
| TAU | 2.49 (0.57) | 2.49 (0.52) | .970 (ns) | 0.001 | |
Note. a Nonparametric test because normality assumption was violated.
GHQ, General Health Questionnaire 28-item version; PMLDC, Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist; ITQ, International Trauma Questionnaire; WHOQOL, WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire; PSYCHLOPS, Psychological Outcome Profiles; IPL-12, Immigrant Integration Index 12-item version; aPM+, adapted Problem Management Plus; TAU, Treatment As Usual.