Table 1.
Distribution of the baseline characteristics between the AKI recovery and non-recovery groups.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 12,321) | AKI recovery (n = 8364) | AKI non-recovery (n = 3957) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), M (P25–P75) | 66.7 (55.3–77.5) | 66.3 (55.0–76.9) | 67.6 (56.1–79.3) | .492 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 6901 (56.0) | 4615 (55.2) | 2286 (57.7) | .007 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | .039 | |||
| White | 8366 (67.9) | 5714 (68.3) | 2652 (67.0) | – |
| Black | 873 (7.1) | 569 (6.8) | 304 (7.7) | – |
| Hispanic | 365 (2.9) | 253 (3.0) | 112 (2.8) | – |
| Asian | 269 (2.2) | 173 (2.1) | 96 (2.4) | – |
| Other | 2225 (18.1) | 1504 (17.9) | 721 (18.2) | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 (26.8–27.7) | 27.2 (26.0–27.2) | 27.2 (27.1–27.2) | .989 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 9576 (77.7) | 6546 (78.3) | 3030 (76.6) | <.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 3097 (25.1) | 2155 (25.7) | 942 (23.8) | .020 |
| Diabetes | 3192 (25.9) | 2104 (25.2) | 1088 (25.2) | .006 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 8122 (65.9) | 5425 (64.9) | 2697 (68.1) | <.001 |
| Scoring systems, M (P25–P75) | ||||
| GCS min | 13 (9–14) | 14 (9–15) | 13 (9–14) | <.001 |
| SAPS II | 36 (28–45) | 41 (31–51) | 34 (27–42) | <.001 |
| SOFA > 4 | 8910 (72.3) | 5813 (69.5) | 3097 (78.3) | <.001 |
| Vital signs, n (%) | ||||
| HR mean 24 h (bpm) | 85.0 (75.5–96.9) | 84.4 (74.9–96.1) | 86.1 (76.4–98.9) | .410 |
| SBP min<90 (mmHg) | 6636 (53.9) | 4357 (52.1) | 2279 (57.6) | <.001 |
| MAP min 24 h (mmHg) | 58 (52–65) | 59 (52–65) | 57 (50–64) | <.001 |
| T mean 24 h (°C) | 36.9 (36.6–37.2) | 36.9 (36.7–37.2) | 36.8 (36.6–37.1) | .056 |
| SPO2 first mean | 97.3 (95.9 − 98.6) | 97.4 (96.0–98.7) | 97.1 (95.7–98.5) | .010 |
| Urinary variables, M (P25–P75) | ||||
| Urine volume 24 h | 1485 (965–2200) | 1570 (1090–2300) | 1240 (690–1980) | <.001 |
| Urine volume to weight ratio 24 h | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | .090 |
| Post-AKI urine volume max 24 h | 3012 (1990–4395) | 3300 (2320–4650) | 2340 (1350–3625) | <.001 |
| Post-AKI urine volume min 24 h | 180 (75–500) | 200 (90–550) | 130 (45–400) | <.001 |
| Serum laboratory variables, M (P25–P75) | ||||
| Baseline SCr (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | <.001 |
| SCr min 12 h (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | <.001 |
| SCr min 24 h (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | <.001 |
| Post-AKI SCr min 24 h (mg/dL) | 0.7 (0.6–1) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | <.001 |
| Post-AKI SCr max 24 h (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | <.001 |
| Hemoglobin min 24 h (g/dL) | 10.1 (8.5–11.8) | 10.3 (8.7–11.9) | 9.6 (8.1–11.4) | <.001 |
| Leucocyte max 24 h (× 109/L) | 13.8 (10.1–18.7) | 13.7 (10.2–18.3) | 14.1 (10.0–19.5) | <.001 |
| Platelet min 24 h (× 109/L) | 167.0 (117.0–229.0) | 172.0 (124.0–233.3) | 156.0 (102.0–220.0) | <.001 |
| Basophils min 24 h (× 109/L) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.1 (0.0–0.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | .001 |
| Monocyte max 24 h (× 109/L) | 15.2 (1.3–31.7) | 15.2 (1.3–30.0) | 15.2 (1.4 − 37.0) | .036 |
| Albumin < 3.5 (g/dL) | 3341 (27.1) | 1950 (23.3) | 1391 (35.2) | <.001 |
| BUN max 24 h (mg/dL) | 19 (14–29) | 18 (14–24) | 26 (17–41) | <.001 |
| Lactate max 24 h (mmol/L) | 2.3 (2.0–2.7) | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 2.3 (2.2–3.0) | <.001 |
| Anion Gap min 24 h (mmol/L) | 12 (1014) | 12 (10–14) | 13 (11–16) | <.001 |
| Base excess min 24 h (mmol/L) | −3 (-4--1) | −3 (-4-0) | −3 (-6--2) | <.001 |
| Prothrombin time min 24 h (sec) | 28.5 (25.8–32.4) | 28.5 (25.5–31.5) | 29.3 (26.4–34.4) | <.001 |
| Sodium min 24 h (mmol/L) | 137 (135–140) | 137 (135–140) | 137 (134–139) | <.001 |
| Chloride min 24 h (mmol/L) | 103 (99–106) | 103 (100–106) | 102 (98–106) | <.001 |
| Bicarbonate max 24 h (mmol/L) | 24 (22–27) | 24 (22–27) | 23 (21–26) | <.001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| Vancomycin | 7578 (61.5) | 4991 (59.7) | 2587 (65.4) | <.001 |
| Antibiotic duration | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (1–4) | <.001 |
| Nephrotoxic drug | 10158 (82.4) | 6852 (81.2) | 3306 (83.5) | .029 |
| Vasopressin | 1191 (9.7) | 555 (6.6) | 636 (16.1) | <.001 |
| Phenylephrine | 4017 (32.6) | 2753 (32.9) | 1264 (31.9) | .292 |
| Epinephrine | 927 (7.5) | 573 (6.9) | 354 (8.9) | <.001 |
| Furosemide | 8373 (67.9) | 5756 (68.8) | 2617 (66.1) | .003 |
| Intervention, n (%) | ||||
| Post-AKI ventilation 24 h | 7735 (62.8) | 5346 (63.9) | 2389 (60.4) | <.001 |
| RRT 24 h | 264 (2.1) | 28 (0.3) | 236 (5.9) | <.001 |
| Post-AKI RRT 24 h | 253 (2.1) | 25 (0.3) | 228 (5.8) | <.001 |
| AKI stage, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| 1 | 9460 (76.8) | 6534 (78.1) | 2926 (73.9) | – |
| 2 | 2634 (21.4) | 1716 (20.5) | 918 (23.2) | – |
| 3 | 227 (1.8) | 114 (1.4) | 113 (2.9) | – |
AKI: acute kidney disease; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; RRT: renal replacement therapy; SAPS II: Simplified Acute Physiology Score II; SBP: systolic pressure; SCr: serum creatinine; SOFA Score: Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment Score; SPO2: peripheral oxygen saturation; T: temperature.