Table 3.
Regression estimates for sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental factors associated with selected persistent symptoms and functional scale in patients with COVID-19 at follow-up
|
|
Dyspnoea |
Fatigue | Functional status |
Anxiety/depression |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Estimate (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Estimate (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Estimate (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Estimate (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
||
| Sex | Female |
-
|
|
- |
|
-
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
Male |
-0.39 (-0.55, -0.23) |
<0.001
|
4.79 (3.37-6.20) |
<0.001
|
-0.39 (-0.56, -0.23) |
<0.001
|
-4.93 (-6.24, -3.61) |
<0.001
|
| Age |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.93 |
0.06 (-0.01, 0.13) |
0.08 |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.76 |
-0.08 (-0.14, 0.01) |
0.02
|
|
| Socioeconomic position | High |
- |
|
- |
|
- |
|
-
|
|
| Medium |
0.31 (0.13-0.50) |
<0.001
|
-0.07 (-1.70, -1.56) |
0.94 |
0.10 (-0.09, 0.29) |
0.29 |
0.71 (-0.81, 2.22) |
0.36 |
|
|
|
Low |
0.59 (0.30-0.88) |
<0.001
|
-2.66 (-5.27, -0.06) |
0.05
|
0.38 (0.08-0.69) |
0.01
|
1.93 (-0.50, 4.35) |
0.12 |
| Charlson score |
0.08 (0.02-0.14) |
0.01
|
-0.87 (-1.39, -0.36) |
<0.001
|
0.09 (0.03-0.15) |
0.01
|
0.18 (-0.30, 0.66) |
0.47 |
|
| Body mass index |
0.02 (0.01-0.03) |
<0.001
|
-0.06 (-0.16, 0.03) |
0.20 |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.56 |
0.03 (-0.06, 0.12) |
0.51 |
|
| Intubation | No |
-
|
|
-
|
|
-
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
Yes |
-0.12 (-0.31, 0.07) |
0.21 |
2.11 (0.45-3.78) |
0.01
|
-0.11 (-0.31, 0.08) |
0.25 |
-1.81 (-3.35, -0.26) |
0.02
|
| Length of hospital stay |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.76 |
-0.04 (-0.09, -0.00) |
0.05
|
0.01 (0.01-0.02) |
<0.001
|
0.00 (-0.04, 0.04) |
0.85 |
|
| PM2.5 (air pollution) |
0.16 (0.01-0.32) |
0.03
|
-1.43 (-2.73, -0.12) |
0.03
|
0.16 (0.01-0.31) |
0.03
|
0.50 (-0.71, 1.72) |
0.42 |
|
| Greenspace |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.66 |
0.00 (-0.05, 0.05) |
0.92 |
0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
0.93 |
0.00 (-0.05, 0.05) |
0.92 |
|
| Per capita income |
0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) |
0.12 |
0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) |
0.16 |
0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) |
0.45 |
0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) |
0.82 |
|
| Population density |
0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) | 0.80 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.34 | 0.00 (-0.00, 0.00) | 0.48 | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.68 | |
95% IC – 95% confidence interval
We collapsed socioeconomic position categories A+B1+B2 (high), C1+C2 (medium) and D+E (low) for the present analysis. Estimates are coefficients from the multilevel regression. P values obtained with a multilevel model.