Table 1.
The details of entry mechanism-related genes, their mutations and outcomes.
| Gene | Location | function | Mutation/ Polymorphism | Result | Drug/ Inhibitor | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE2 | Chr 17 | A negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, and functions as the key SARS coronavirus receptor and stabilizer of neutral amino acid transporters | Leu351Val, p.(Pro389His), S19P, I21V, E23K, K26R, T27A, N64K, T92I, Q102P, or H378R |
Elevate the susceptibility to COVID-19 | lividomycin, burixafor, quisinostat, fluprofylline, pemetrexed, spirofylline, edotecarin, diniprofylline | [9], [11], [23], [43], [44], [45] |
| K31R, N33I, H34R, E35K, E37K, D38V, Y50F, N51S, M62V, K68E, F72V, Y83H, G326E, G352V, D355N, Q388L, D509Y, N90, T92, rs73635825 (S19P), rs143936283 (E329G) | Protects individuals from the spread of the virus leading to an intrinsic resistance against SARS-CoV-2 virus | |||||
|
TMPRSS2 |
Chr 21 | An endothelial cell surface protein that is involved in the viral entry and spread of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2. | rs75603675, rs61735792, rs61735794, rs112657409, rs11910678, rs77675406, rs713400, p.V197M | Increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 | camostat mesylate, nafamostat mesylate, Nafamostat, Gabexate, N-0385 | [17], [19], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51] |
| high V197M, low G8V (rs75603675) allele frequencies | Endowing resistance against SARS-CoV-2 | |||||
| FURIN (PCSK) | Chr 15 |
A type 1 membrane-bound protease which its cleavage action is an essential activation step for the endothelial pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. | rs6226: P ¼ 1.3569e-09, OR ¼ 1.03; rs8039305: P ¼ 1.7643e-38, OR ¼ 1.05 | Are associated with hypertension and disease mortality | Nicotine patches, Colchicine, Psoriasis Registry Austria (PsoRA), 3,5-dichlorophenyl) pyridine | [23], [52], [53] |
| DPPs | Chr 2 | A multi-functional protein with the catalytic activity as well as functions as a binding protein and a ligand for a variety of extracellular molecules such as spike protein as well | rs3788979 TT, c.95-2A > G, c.796G > A, c.1887 + 3G > A, rs13015258, rs12610495 | Increase the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 | N/A | [24], [54], [55], [56] |
| APOE | Chr 19 | The transferring of serum cholesterol to cells by means of APOE could boost the trafficking of ACE2 to the endocytic entry site that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to cells. | ε3/ε4 variant, ε4/ε4 | Higher risk of mortality | N/A | [36], [37], [57] |
| BSG | Chr 19 | a multifunctional transmembrane protein involved in inflammation and tumor invasion with the ability to facilitate the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells. | p.F275V | Enhances the affinity of the receptor to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | Meplazumab, Azithromycin | [39], [40], [58], [59] |
ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Chr: chromosome; Leu: Leucine; Val: Valine; Pro: Proline; His: Histidine; S: Serine; I: Isoleucine; E: Glutamic acid; K: Lysin; R: Arginine; T: Threonine; A: Alanin; N: Asparagine; Q: Glutamine; D: Aspartic acid; Y: Tyrosine; F: Phenylalanine; M: Methionine; G: Glycine; TMPRSS2: Transmembrane protease, serine 2; PCSK: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9; DPPs:; Dipeptidyl peptidases; APOE: Apo lipoprotein E; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; BSG: Basigin.