Table 3.

An overview of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and their efficacy and safety profile against several variants.

Name	Developer	Country of origin	Date of validity	Schedule and rout of administration	Age group	Effectiveness/Advantages (average)	Adverse events/Challenge	Identifier
Inactivated vaccines
BBIBP-CorV	Sinopharm	China	WHO approved on May 2021 for use in COVAX.	Two doses, 3–4 weeks apart, IM	18 Yrs and older	88 % for Alpha N/A for Beta 73 % for Gamma 72.5 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	The most commonly reported AEs were fever, pain at the site of injection, headaches, and fatigue	NCT04984408
CoronaVac	Sinovac Biotech	China	Validated for emergency use (WHO) on June 2021	Two doses, 4 weeks apart, IM	18 Yrs and older	N/A for Alpha N/A for Beta N/A for Gamma 72.5 % for Delta 50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	The most common AE was pain at the site of injection. Other side effects included fatigue, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Most of these side effects were mild and lasted only for 2 days.	NCT04456595
Covaxin	Bharat Biotech	India	Validated for emergency use (WHO) on November 2021	Two doses, 28 days apart, ID	18 Yrs and older	N/A for Alpha N/A for Beta N/A for Gamma 65 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	The most commonly reported AEs were fever, headaches, irritability, pain and swelling at the site of injection.	N/A
CoviVac	Chumakov Centre	Russia	Approved for use in Russia on February 2021	Two doses, 14 days apart	18 Yrs and older	Phase 1/2 trial is ongoing.	No serious AEs were reported.	NCT04619628
Viral vector vaccines
AZD1222 (Covishield)	Oxford–AstraZeneca	UK, Sweden	EMA approved on April 2021	Two doses, 4–12 weeks apart, IM	18 Yrs and older	70.4 % for Alpha 10.4 % for Beta 78 % for Gamma 60 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	The most commonly reported AEs were vomiting, diarrhea, fever, swelling, redness at the injection site and low levels of blood platelets. Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating, abdominal pain, itching and rash. Importantly, high risk of thrombocytopenia syndrome was reported mainly in younger female.	NCT04516746
Sputnik V	Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology	Russia	Approved in Russia and then on 59 other countries (as of April 2021).	Two doses, 21 days apart, IM	18 Yrs and older	94 % for Alpha N/A for Beta N/A for Gamma 81 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	AEs are mainly mild with no signs of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.	NCT04530396
JNJ-78436735; Ad26. COV2.S	Janssen vaccines (Johnsons & Johnsons)	Netherland, USA	Validated for emergency use (FDA) on February 2021	Single dose, IM	18 Yrs and older	74 % for Alpha 64 % for Beta N/A for Gamma 71 % for Delta N/A for Omicron	The most common AEs were pain at the site of injection, headache, tiredness, muscle pain, and nausea which were usually mild or moderate. The incidence of hypersensitivity and the itchy rash was 1 in 1000 people.	NCT04505722
Convidicea (Ad5-nCoV)	CanSino Biologics	China	Approved in China on February 2021	Single dose, IM	18 Yrs and older	65.7 % efficacy in preventing moderate symptoms and 91 % efficacy in preventing severe disease	Common AEs were headache, myalgia, fatigue, shivers, fever, and arthralgia.	NCT04552366
RNA vaccines
BNT162b2	Pfizer-BioNTech	Multinational	FDA approved on August 2021	Two doses, 21 days apart, IM	16 Yrs and older	93 % for Alpha 75 % for Beta 88 % for Gamma 87.9 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) 76 % for Omicron (3 doses)	The common AEs affecting more than 1 in 10 people are pain at the site of injection, tiredness, headache, muscle aches, chills, joint pain, and fever, respectively.	NCT04848584
mRNA-1273	Moderna, BARDA, NIAID	USA	FDA approved on December 2020	Two doses, 28 days apart, IM	12 Yrs and older	100 % for Alpha 96.4 % for Beta 78 % for Gamma 86.7 % for Delta <50 % for Omicron (2 doses) N/A for Omicron (3 doses)	The most common AEs were pain at the site of injection, fatigue, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia. Anaphylaxis was reported in 2.5 cases per million administered doses.	NCT04470427
Protein subunit vaccines
NVX-CoV2373	Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations	USA	Validated for emergency use (WHO) on December 2021	Two doses, 21 days apart, IM	18–84	86 % for Alpha 51 % for Beta N/A for Gamma N/A for Delta N/A for Omicron	Pain at the site of injection and tenderness, as well as fatigue, headache and muscle pain were the most commonly reported AEs.	NCT04611802
EpiVacCorona	VECTOR center of Virology	Russia	The third phase of a clinical trial was launched in November 2020.	Two doses, 21–28 days apart, IM	18 Yrs and older	Preliminary data of the Phase III study showed 79 % efficacy	It was reported that no adverse reactions caused were recognized.	NCT04780035
DNA vaccines
Zycov D	Cadila Healthcare	India	Approved by Drugs Controller General of India on August 2021	Three doses, 28 and 56 days apart for second and third doses, respectively, ID	12 Yrs and older	66.6 % efficacy against symptomatic and 100 % against moderate or severe disease	No serious AEs were observed. Even fever or fatigue is uncommon post-vaccination.	N/A
Recombinant vaccines
ZF2001/ZIFIVAX (ZF-UZ-VAC-2001)	Anhui Zhifei Longcom and Chinese Academy of Sciences	Uzbekistan	Approved in China on March 2021 for emergency use	Three doses over a period of 2 months	18 Yrs and older	93 % for Alpha N/A for Beta N/A for Gamma 78 % for Delta N/A for Omicron	The most common AEs were mild or moderate including pain at the site of injection, redness, and swelling.	NCT04646590

ID: Intradermal; IM: Intramuscular; AE: Adverse event; EMA: European Medicines Agency; N/A: Not available.