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. 2022 Aug 8;49:103036. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103036

Table 2.

Determination methods for antiviral drugs in water/wastewater.

Antiviral drug Metabolite Matrix Extraction Detection method Wavelength (nm) Measuring range References
Acyclovir Aqueous solution UV–Vis spectrophotometer 760 [66]
Sofosbuvir Aqueous solution UV–Vis spectrophotometer 260 [67]
Oseltamivir Oseltamivir carboxylate Aqueous solution HPLC system tandem with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electro-spray ionization (ESI) [59]
Staduvine
Nevirapine
Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent HPLC equipped with a fluorescent detector (FLD) [60]
Acyclovir Aqueous solution High-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a VP-ODS column and SPD-M20A photodiode array detector 254 [70]
Oseltamivir carboxylate Synthetic river water SPE LC-MS/MS 2–20 ng/L (LOQ) [49]
Oseltamivir Aqueous solution HPLC with UV detection 230 [71]
Acyclovir Aqueous solution HPLC [61]
Acyclovir
Lamivudine
Reverse osmosis brine HPLC with UV detection 254 [72]
Acyclovir
Zidovudine
Lamivudine
Pure water
Fresh water
Seawater
Spectrophotometer 297, 302, 313, 334, 365 and 366 [73]
Oseltamivir Oseltamivir carboxylate River water UPCL-MS/MS with electro-spray ionization (ESI) [65]
Zanamivir Artificial fresh water
River
[74]
Zidovudine
Lamivudine
Nevirapine
Municipal wastewater SPE LC-MS/MS [50]
Favipiravir
Peramivir
Laninamivir
Oseltamivir
Amantadine
Zanamivir
Oseltamivir carboxylate River water SPE LC-MS/MS 0.1–0.2 ng/L (LOD)
0.2–0.7 ng/L (LOQ)
[51]
Zidovudine Aqueous solution HPLC [76]
Oseltamivir Synthetic wastewater HPLC with UV detection 215 0.2 μM (detection limit) [77]
Acyclovir Aqueous solution HPLC 254 [62]
Lamivudine Aqueous solution HPLC 275 [63]
Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) Aqueous solution HPLC 215 0.2 μM (detection limit) [64]
Abacavir Aqueous solution HPLC 271 [78]
Lamivudine Aqueous solution HPLC [79]
Oseltamivir phosphate Oseltamivir carboxylate Aqueous solution HPLC with UV detection 220 [80]
Acyclovir
Penciclovir
Hospital wastewater SPE UPLC-MS/MS [81]
Acyclovir Pharmaceutical wastewaters HPLC/MS [82]
Acyclovir
Penciclovir
Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent LC-MS [52]
Acyclovir Anaerobic sludge LC-ESI-MS/MS [53]
Acyclovir Synthetic wastewater SPE UFLC- 4000 QTRAP hybrid
triple quadruple-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QqLIT-MS)
[83]
Acyclovir Urban and hospital wastewater SPE LC-MS/MS 0.03–50.6 ng/L (LOD)
0.1–167.2 ng/L (LOQ)
[54]
Abacavir
Lamivudine
Zidovudine
Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent
Surface water
LC-tandem-MS and HPLC [84]
Oseltamivir Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent SPE LC/MS/MS with ESI-positive ion mode 0.30 ng/L (LOD)
0.92 ng/L (LOQ)
[55]
Oseltamivir carboxylate Synthetic wastewater LC/MS [85]
Acyclovir Lamivudine Municipal wastewater SPE LC/MS [86]
Acyclovir Pharmaceutical wastewater HPLC/MS 0.5 μg/L
(detection limit)
[87]
Acyclovir Wastewater treatment plant effluent LC/MS [88]
Oseltamivir Oseltamivir carboxylate Hospital wastewater SPE HPLC-MS/MS [89]
Acyclovir Wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent HPLC-MS 25 ng/L (LOQ) [90]
Acyclovir Wastewater treatment plant effluent HPLC-MS/MS 0.025 μg/L (LOQ) [91]
Acyclovir Wastewater treatment plant effluent LC-MS/MS 0.0001 mg/L
(LOQ)
[56]
Abacavir
Lamivudine
Nevirapine
Zidovudine
Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent SPE LC-MS/MS 2–20 ng/L
(LOD)
12–65 ng/L
(LOQ)
[57]

Lamivudine
Nevirapine
Zidovudine
Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent SPE LC-MS/MS 0.1–1.9 ng/L
(LOQ and LOD)
[58]