Table 2.
Antiviral drug | Metabolite | Matrix | Extraction | Detection method | Wavelength (nm) | Measuring range | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acyclovir | – | Aqueous solution | – | UV–Vis spectrophotometer | 760 | – | [66] |
Sofosbuvir | – | Aqueous solution | – | UV–Vis spectrophotometer | 260 | – | [67] |
Oseltamivir | Oseltamivir carboxylate | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC system tandem with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electro-spray ionization (ESI) | – | – | [59] |
Staduvine Nevirapine |
– | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent | – | HPLC equipped with a fluorescent detector (FLD) | – | – | [60] |
Acyclovir | – | Aqueous solution | – | High-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a VP-ODS column and SPD-M20A photodiode array detector | 254 | – | [70] |
– | Oseltamivir carboxylate | Synthetic river water | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | 2–20 ng/L (LOQ) | [49] |
Oseltamivir | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC with UV detection | 230 | – | [71] |
Acyclovir | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | – | – | [61] |
Acyclovir Lamivudine |
– | Reverse osmosis brine | – | HPLC with UV detection | 254 | – | [72] |
Acyclovir Zidovudine Lamivudine |
Pure water Fresh water Seawater |
– | Spectrophotometer | 297, 302, 313, 334, 365 and 366 | – | [73] | |
Oseltamivir | Oseltamivir carboxylate | River water | – | UPCL-MS/MS with electro-spray ionization (ESI) | – | – | [65] |
Zanamivir | – | Artificial fresh water River |
– | – | – | [74] | |
Zidovudine Lamivudine Nevirapine |
– | Municipal wastewater | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | – | [50] |
Favipiravir Peramivir Laninamivir Oseltamivir Amantadine Zanamivir |
Oseltamivir carboxylate | River water | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | 0.1–0.2 ng/L (LOD) 0.2–0.7 ng/L (LOQ) |
[51] |
Zidovudine | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | – | – | [76] |
Oseltamivir | – | Synthetic wastewater | – | HPLC with UV detection | 215 | 0.2 μM (detection limit) | [77] |
Acyclovir | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | 254 | – | [62] |
Lamivudine | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | 275 | – | [63] |
Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | 215 | 0.2 μM (detection limit) | [64] |
Abacavir | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | 271 | – | [78] |
Lamivudine | – | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC | – | – | [79] |
Oseltamivir phosphate | Oseltamivir carboxylate | Aqueous solution | – | HPLC with UV detection | 220 | – | [80] |
Acyclovir Penciclovir |
– | Hospital wastewater | SPE | UPLC-MS/MS | – | – | [81] |
Acyclovir | – | Pharmaceutical wastewaters | – | HPLC/MS | – | – | [82] |
Acyclovir Penciclovir |
– | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent | – | LC-MS | – | – | [52] |
Acyclovir | – | Anaerobic sludge | – | LC-ESI-MS/MS | – | – | [53] |
Acyclovir | – | Synthetic wastewater | SPE | UFLC- 4000 QTRAP hybrid triple quadruple-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QqLIT-MS) |
– | – | [83] |
Acyclovir | – | Urban and hospital wastewater | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | 0.03–50.6 ng/L (LOD) 0.1–167.2 ng/L (LOQ) |
[54] |
Abacavir Lamivudine Zidovudine |
– | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent Surface water |
– | LC-tandem-MS and HPLC | – | – | [84] |
Oseltamivir | – | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent | SPE | LC/MS/MS with ESI-positive ion mode | – | 0.30 ng/L (LOD) 0.92 ng/L (LOQ) |
[55] |
– | Oseltamivir carboxylate | Synthetic wastewater | – | LC/MS | – | – | [85] |
Acyclovir Lamivudine | – | Municipal wastewater | SPE | LC/MS | – | – | [86] |
Acyclovir | – | Pharmaceutical wastewater | – | HPLC/MS | – | 0.5 μg/L (detection limit) |
[87] |
Acyclovir | – | Wastewater treatment plant effluent | – | LC/MS | – | – | [88] |
Oseltamivir | Oseltamivir carboxylate | Hospital wastewater | SPE | HPLC-MS/MS | – | – | [89] |
Acyclovir | – | Wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent | – | HPLC-MS | – | 25 ng/L (LOQ) | [90] |
Acyclovir | – | Wastewater treatment plant effluent | – | HPLC-MS/MS | – | 0.025 μg/L (LOQ) | [91] |
Acyclovir | – | Wastewater treatment plant effluent | – | LC-MS/MS | – | 0.0001 mg/L (LOQ) |
[56] |
Abacavir Lamivudine Nevirapine Zidovudine |
– | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | 2–20 ng/L (LOD) 12–65 ng/L (LOQ) |
[57] |
Lamivudine Nevirapine Zidovudine |
– | Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent | SPE | LC-MS/MS | – | 0.1–1.9 ng/L (LOQ and LOD) |
[58] |