. 2022 Aug 8;49:103036. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103036

Table 5.

Non-biological technologies for the treatment of antiviral drugs.

Antiviral Drugs	Matrix	Concentration	Treatment Technology	Process Conditions	Removal or Q(mg/g)	References
Acyclovir	Distilled water	400 mg/L	Adsorption	Temperature: 39 °C, pH:8: powdered adsorbent activated carbon, adsorbent dose: 2 g/L	90.3 %	[66]
Sofosbuvir	Distilled water	0.1 mM	Adsorption	pH: 6.8, adsorbent: e- perlite adsorbent dose: 20 g/L	58.5 %	[67]
Didanosine, Nevirapine, Ritonavir, Efavirenz, Stavudine	Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent Distilled water	0.5–1.25 mg/L	Adsorption	Contact time:15 min to 120 min, temperature: 15 to 60 °C,pH: 3 to 12	64.9 mg/g-200.5 mg/g	[60]
Acyclovir	Distilled water	100 mg/L	Adsorption	Temperature: 45 °C, pH:11, adsorbent: powdered activated charcoal, adsorbent dose: 4 g/L, equilibrium contact time: 75 min.	98 %	[141]
Zidovudine (ZDV) Lamivudine (3TC) Nevirapine (NVP)	Wastewater treatment plant effluent	20 μM	Photolysis (UV)	pH:7.7–8.1, electrical energy dose: 6.67 kWh/103 L H₂O₂ dose:20.4 mg/L, Cl₂ dose:42.6 mg/L	ZDV: >90 % 3TC:~50 % NVP:<20 %	[50]
			UV/H₂O₂		ZDV: >90 % 3TC:~75 % NVP:>55 %
			UV/Cl₂		ZDV:~90 % 3TC:~80 % NVP:~20 %
Acyclovir	Open-water treatment wetland	302 ± 58 ng/L	Photolysis (solar energy)	Depth: 25–30 cm, pH: 7.7–9.0 NO₃⁻:3.5–7.5 mg/L, DOC: 3.7–5.6 mg/L C, DIC:45–54 mg/L C	70 %	[142]
Acyclovir (ACV) Lamivudine (LMVD)	RO brine A and B from municipal wastewater reuse facilities	5 μM	UV/H₂O₂	Incident UV fluence: 1000 mJ/cm² H₂O₂: 5 mM, K₂S₂O₈: 5 mM	ACV: ~35 % (RO Brine A) ACV: ~45 % (RO Brine B) LMVD: ~80 % (RO Brine A) LMVD:~95 % (RO Brine B)	[72]
Acyclovir (ACV) Lamivudine (LMVD)	RO brine A and B from municipal wastewater reuse facilities	5 μM	UV/S₂O₈²⁻	Incident UV fluence: 1000 mJ/cm² H₂O₂: 5 mM, K₂S₂O₈: 5 mM	ACV: ~30 % (RO Brine A) ACV:~45 % (RO Brine B) LMVD: 100 % (RO Brine A) LMVD:~100 % (RO Brine B)	[72]
Oseltamivir acid (the active metabolite of Tamiflu®)	Secondary effluent in pilot-scale WWTP	1 μM	Ozonation (O₃)	>0.3 g O₃ g⁻¹ DOC 0.5 g O₃ g⁻¹ DOC	>50 % < detection limit	[77]
Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate)	Ultrapure water	21 μM	Photocatalysis	P25 (one of the powdered TiO₂) concentration: 20 and 100 mg/ L UV-A irradiation time: 80 min pH: 5.8 ± 0.1	>95 %	[64]
Abacavir	Deionized water	–	Electrochemical Degradation	Anode:Ti/SnO₂-Sb Time: in 10 min Current density: 0.2 mA/cm²	>97 %	[78]
Lamivudine	Deionized water	2.5 mg/L	Electrochemical Degradation	Current density: 10 mA/cm²	98.3 %	[79]
Lamivudine	Deionized water	2.5 mg/L	Electrochemical Degradation	Initial pH:6.7	98.3 %	[79]