Table 6.
Biological technologies for the treatment of antiviral drugs.
| Antiviral drugs | Matrix | Concentration | Treatment technology | Process conditions | Removal | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oseltamivir | Municipal sewage treatment plant influent | 5–100 ng/L | Activated sludge process | Effluent quantity:~49 m3, Temperature: 27 °C SRT: ~14 day |
<50 % | [55] |
| Acyclovir | Three pharmaceutical wastewater | 240 mg/L | Activated sludge process | TOC: 9900 mg/L COD: 26700 mg/L pH:6.7 Time: 28 day Temperature: 20–25 °C |
>90 % | [82] |
| 170 mg/L | TOC: 20200 mg/L COD: 54800 mg/L pH:6.4 Time: 28 day Temperature: 20–25 °C |
>90 % | ||||
| 2580 mg/L | TOC: 29250 mg/L COD: 81550 mg/L pH:6.3 Time: 28 day Temperature: 20–25 °C |
>90 % | ||||
| Abacavir | Municipal wastewater | ~30 ng/L | Aerobic treatment system | HRT: 9.9–11.4 h SRT: 24.2–27.7 days Flow rate: ~27,000 m3/gün |
~80 % | [86] |
| Acyclovir | 600 ng/L | ~65 % | ||||
| Emtricitabine | 15–20 ng/L | <10 % | ||||
| Lamivudine | 90–100 ng/L | ~70–75 % | ||||
| Acyclovir | Hospital wastewater | – | Activated sludge treatment | Dissolved oxygen concentration: 8 mg/L Temperature: 20 °C and dark Reactor volume:2 L |
~70 % | [81] |
| Famciclovir | 100 % | |||||
| Penciclovir | ~90 % | |||||
| Valaciclovir | 100 % | |||||
| Acyclovir | Milli-Q water | 15 mg/L | Activated sludge treatment with the addition of nitrifying culture | HRT: 24 h SRT: 15 day Dissolved oxygen concentration: 2.5–3 mg/L pH: 7.5–8 Initial ammonium: 50 mg/L |
65.1 % | [83] |
| 15 μg/L | 88.2 % | |||||
| Acyclovir | Urban and hospital wastewater | – | Aerobic biological treatment | Secondary treatment with disinfection | ~80 % | [54] |
| Acyclovir | Pharmaceutical wastewater | 154 mg/L | Membrane bioreactor | Feed flow rate: 1.6 L/day Recirculation flow rate: 4.8 L/day Membrane module: hollow fiber membrane Membrane surface area: 0.047 m2 |
~98 % | [87] |
| Acyclovir | Wastewater treatment effluent | – | Membrane bioreactor | MBR system volume: 250 L HRT: 10 h |
60–90 % | [88] |
| Abacavir | Municipal wastewater | ~30 ng/L | Staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor | Flow rate: 5.5 m3/day Two anaerobic fluidized bed reactor HRT: 6.8 h SRT: 36 days |
~80 % | [86] |
| Acyclovir | 600 ng/L | >95 % | ||||
| Emtricitabine | 15–20 ng/L | ~50 % | ||||
| Lamivudine | 90–100 ng/L | >90 % |