Table 3. Overview of study characteristics.
| NCDs and risk factors | Intervention categories | N | Distribution of priority NCD interventions (N = 265) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country’s income classification, N | Methods approach, N | Major study design, N | Health system level*, N | Level of scale-up, N | Implementation outcomes, N | Considered equity†, N | Implementation strategies | |||||
| Actor, N | Action target, N | Recipients, N | ||||||||||
| Tobacco use | Individual smoking cessation | 6 | LMICs = 5 UMICs = 1 |
Quantitative = 5 Mixed = 1 |
Experimental = 2 Multiple = 1 Preexperimental = 2 Other Observational = 1 |
Micro = 4 Meso = 2 |
Pilot† = 5 Scale-up = 1 |
Adoption = 1 Appropriateness = 1 Feasibility = 3 Multiple = 1 |
4 | Researchers = 4 Providers = 2 |
Behavior = 6 | Disease risk subgroup = 6 |
| Mass media campaign smoking cessation | 2 | UMICs = 2 | Quantitative = 2 | Experimental = 1 Observational = 1 |
Macro = 2 | Scale-up = 2 | Adoption = 1 Penetration = 1 |
1 | Researchers = 1 MOH = 1 |
Behavior = 2 | Disease risk subgroup = 2 | |
| Harmful use of alcohol | Alcohol reduction | 1 | LMICs = 1 | Quantitative = 1 | Experimental = 1 | Micro = 1 | Pilot = 1 | Multiple = 1 | 0 | Researchers = 1 | Behavior = 1 | Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
| Unhealthy diet | Mass media or other behavior change program to reduce salt intake | 3 | LMICs = 2 UMICs = 1 |
Quantitative = 3 | Experimental = 2 Other observational = 1 |
Micro = 1 Meso = 1 Macro = 1 |
Pilot = 1 Scale-up = 2 |
Adoption = 1 Penetration = 1 Multiple = 1 |
2 | Researchers = 1 MOH = 2 |
Behavior = 3 | General population = 2 Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
| Nutrition education in institutions | 5 | LMICs = 1 UMICs = 3 Multiple = 1 |
Quantitative = 4 Mixed method = 1 |
Quasi-experimental designs = 3 Preexperimental = 1 Other observational = 1 |
Micro = 1 Meso = 3 Macro = 1 |
Pilot = 2 Scale-up = 3 |
Acceptability = 1 Adoption = 2 Feasibility = 1 Penetration = 1 |
3 | Researchers = 4 MOH = 1 |
Behavior = 3 Behavior, health outcomes = 2 |
Demographic subgroup = 2 Disease risk subgroup = 3 |
|
| Salt reduction public institutions | 2 | UMICs = 2 | Quantitative = 2 | Other observational = 2 | Macro = 2 | Pilot = 1 Scale-up = 1 |
Adoption = 1 Penetration = 1 |
1 | Researchers = 1 MOH = 1 |
Behavior = 2 | Demographic subgroup = 2 | |
| Physical inactivity | Community environmental program increase physical activity | 4 | LMICs = 3 UMICs = 1 |
Quantitative = 4 | Experimental = 2 Preexperimental = 1 Other observational = 1 |
Micro = 1 Meso = 1 Macro = 2 |
Pilot = 1 Scale-up = 3 |
Feasibility = 1 Penetration = 1 Multiple = 2 |
2 | Researchers = 3 MOH = 1 |
Behavior = 2 Behavior and knowledge = 2 |
Demographic subgroup = 3 Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
| Mass media campaign promote physical activity | 2 | UMCIs = 2 | Quantitative = 2 | Experimental = 1 Other observational = 1 |
Macro = 2 | Scale-up = 2 | Adoption = 1 Penetration = 1 |
1 | Researchers = 1 MOH = 1 |
Behavior = 1 Behavior and knowledge = 1 |
Demographic subgroup = 1 Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
|
| CVD | Rehabilitation post-acute CVD event | 1 | UMICs = 1 | Quantitative = 1 | Experimental = 1 | Micro = 1 | Pilot = 1 | Feasibility = 1 | 0 | Researchers = 1 | Health outcomes = 1 | Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
| Treatment of high-risk CVD event | 5 | LMICs = 2 UMICs = 3 |
Quantitative = 5 | Experimental = 2 Quasi-experimental designs = 2 Other observational = 1 |
Micro = 5 | Pilot = 5 | Acceptability = 1 Adoption = 2 Feasibility = 1 Maintenance = 1 |
3 | Researchers = 4 Providers = 1 |
Behavior = 3 Health outcomes = 1 |
Demographic subgroup = 1 Disease risk subgroup = 3 HCWs = 1 |
|
| Treatment of acute ischemic stroke | 10 | LMICs = 5 UMICs = 5 |
Quantitative = 10 | Experimental = 2 Preexperimental = 7 Other observational = 1 |
Micro = 6 Meso = 4 |
Pilot = 8 Scale-up = 2 |
Adoption = 4 Feasibility = 4 Fidelity = 1 |
1 | Researchers = 5 MOH = 4 Providers = 1 |
Health outcomes = 10 | Disease risk subgroup = 10 | |
| Treatment of acute myocardial infarction | 12 | LMICs = 2 UMICs = 10 |
Quantitative = 11 Qualitative = 1 |
Experimental = 3 Quasi-experimental designs = 2 Preexperimental = 4 Other observational = 3 |
Micro = 6 Macro = 6 |
Pilot = 10 Scale-up = 1 |
Adoption = 5 Feasibility = 5 Fidelity = 1 Penetration = 1 |
3 | Researchers = 4 MOH = 4 Providers = 4 |
Health outcomes = 11 Behavior = 1 |
Disease risk subgroup = 11 HCWs = 1 |
|
| Treatment of heart failure | 5 | LMICs = 2 UMICs = 3 |
Quantitative = 5 | Experimental = 2 Quasi-experimental designs = 1 Preexperimental = 2 |
Micro = 5 | Pilot = 5 | Adoption = 2 Feasibility = 3 |
1 | Researchers = 3 Providers = 2 |
Health outcomes = 5 | Disease risk subgroup = 5 | |
| Treatment of hypertension | 23 | LMICs = 10 Multiple = 2 UMICs = 11 |
Quantitative = 16 Qualitative = 1 Mixed method = 6 |
Experimental = 7 Quasi-experimental designs = 4 Preexperimental = 2 Other observational = 5 Multiple = 5 |
Micro = 20 Meso = 2 Macro = 1 |
Pilot = 22 Scale-up = 1 |
Adoption = 1 Feasibility = 18 Fidelity = 3 Multiple = 1 |
10 | Researchers = 10 MOH = 5 NGO = 1 Providers = 6 NC = 1 |
Behavior = 10 Health outcomes = 8 Behavior and health outcomes = 5 |
Demographic subgroup = 1 Disease risk subgroup = 22 |
|
| Diabetes | Glycemic control among people with diabetes | 7 | LMICs = 3 UMICs = 2 Multiple = 2 |
Quantitative = 5 Mixed method = 2 |
Experimental = 2 Quasi-experimental designs = 4 Multiple = 1 |
Micro = 4 Meso = 2 Macro = 1 |
Pilot = 6 Scale-up = 1 |
Adoption = 1 Appropriateness = 2 Feasibility = 2 Multiple = 2 |
4 | Researchers = 5 MOH = 1 NGO = 1 |
Behavior = 4 Health outcomes = 2 Behavior and health outcomes = 1 |
Demographic subgroup = 1 Disease risk subgroup = 6 |
| Screening to prevent complications among people with diabetes | 17 | LMICs = 10 UMICs = 7 |
Quantitative = 16 Mixed method = 1 |
Experimental = 1 Quasi-experimental designs = 1 Preexperimental = 6 Other observational = 8 Multiple = 1 |
Micro = 16 Meso = 1 |
Pilot = 1 | Acceptability = 1 Adoption = 2 Feasibility = 10 Multiple = 1 Reach = 3 |
6 | Researchers = 8 MOH = 1 NGO = 3 Providers = 4 NC = 1 |
Behavior = 5 Health outcomes = 12 |
Disease risk subgroup = 16 CHWs = 1 |
|
| Diabetes management | 39 | LMICs = 22 UMICs = 14 Multiple = 3 |
Quantitative = 33 Qualitative = 1 Mixed method = 5 |
Experimental = 8 Quasi-experimental designs = 6 Preexperimental = 9 Other observational = 12 Multiple = 4 |
Micro = 34 Meso = 3 Macro = 2 |
Pilot = 38 Scale-up = 1 |
Acceptability Adoption = 1 Appropriateness = 2 Feasibility = 21 Fidelity = 1 Reach = 3 Multiple = 4 |
16 | Researchers = 22 MOH = 6 NGO = 4 Providers = 6 NC = 1 |
Behavior = 11 Behavior and knowledge = 3 Health outcomes = 20 Behavior and health outcomes = 4 Knowledge and health outcomes = 1 |
Demographic subgroup = 3 Disease risk subgroup = 35 CHWs = 1 |
|
| Influenza vaccination for people with diabetes | 1 | UMICs = 1 | Quantitative = 1 | Other observational = 1 | Micro = 1 | Pilot = 1 | Adoption = 1 | 0 | Researchers = 1 | Health outcomes = 1 | Disease risk subgroup = 1 | |
| Cancer | Breast cancer screening | 9 | LMICs = 5 UMICs = 4 |
Quantitative = 9 | Experimental = 1 Quasi-experimental designs = 2 Preexperimental = 2 Other observational = 4 |
Micro = 6 Macro = 9 |
Pilot = 7 Scale-up = 1 |
Acceptability = 1 Adoption = 1 Feasibility = 4 Implementation cost = 1 Reach = 1 Multiple = 1 |
7 | Researchers = 4 MOH = 4 NC/NA = 1 |
Behavior = 4 Health outcomes = 5 |
Demographic subgroup = 9 |
| Cervical cancer screening | 93 | LICs = 13 LMICs = 42 UMICs = 34 Multiple = 4 |
Quantitative = 78 Qualitative = 8 Mixed method = 7 |
Experimental = 16 Quasi-experimental designs = 4 Preexperimental = 20 Other observational = 47 Multiple = 6 |
Micro = 78 Meso = 10 Macro = 5 |
Pilot = 78 Scale-up = 12 |
Acceptability = 22 Adoption = 23 Feasibility = 22 Implementation cost = 4 Maintenance = 1 Reach = 10 Sustainability = 2 Multiple = 9 |
40 | Researchers = 56 MOH = 13 NGO = 10 Providers = 2 NC = 6 NA = 6 |
Behavior = 30 Health outcomes = 41 Knowledge = 5 Knowledge and behavior = 4 Knowledge, behavior, health outcome = 2 Knowledge and health outcomes = 3 NC/NA = 8 |
Demographic subgroup = 80 Disease risk subgroup = 2 HCWs = 3 CHWs = 2 |
|
| HPV vaccination for teen girls | 5 | LMICs = 2 UMICs = 2 Multiple = 1 |
Quantitative = 4 Qualitative = 1 |
Preexperimental = 2 Other observational = 3 |
Micro = 3 Macro = 2 |
Pilot = 3 Scale-up = 2 |
Adoption = 3 Feasibility = 1 Multiple = 1 |
1 | Researchers = 3 MOH = 1 NGO = 1 |
Behavior = 2 Health outcomes = 3 |
Demographic subgroup = 5 | |
| Colorectal cancer screening | 11 | LMICs = 1 UMICs = 10 |
Quantitative = 10 Mixed method = 1 |
Experimental = 2 Quasi-experimental designs = 1 Preexperimental = 1 Other observational = 6 Multiple = 1 |
Micro = 7 Meso = 4 |
Pilot = 9 Scale-up = 2 |
Acceptability = 1 Adoption = 4 Feasibility = 3 Implementation cost = 1 Reach = 1 Multiple = 1 |
4 | Researchers = 7 MOH = 4 |
Behavior = 5 Health outcomes = 5 Knowledge and behavior = 1 |
Demographic subgroup = 10 Disease risk subgroup = 1 |
|
| Chronic respiratory disease | Treatment of asthma | 2 | LMICs = 2 | Mixed method = 2 | Multiple = 2 | Micro = 1 Macro = 1 |
Pilot = 1 Scale-up = 1 |
Acceptability = 1 | 1 | Researchers = 1 MOH = 1 |
Health outcomes = 2 | Disease risk subgroup = 2 |
*Micro level refers to the point where the care providers interact with the patient; micro-level interventions aim to directly influence the performance of the staff or the operations of a facility [11,264]. Meso level refers to the level responsible for service areas/clinical programs providing care for a similar group of patients, typically part of a larger organization (e.g., subnational intervention targeting improvement of a network of facilities and communities) [11,264]. Macro level is the highest (strategic) level of the system, an umbrella including all intersecting areas, departments, providers, and staff (e.g., boards, healthcare network, integrated health system that includes several organizations); macro-level interventions are best able to directly tackle the social, political, economic, and organizational structures that shape a health system [11,264].
†Equity lens used if studies disaggregated by SES stratifiers (e.g., age, sex, education, income, and rural vs. urban) and/or targeted vulnerable population.
CHW, community health workers include ASHAs in India; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HCW, healthcare worker; HPV, human papilloma virus; LIC, low-income country; LMIC, lower middle-income country; MOH, Ministry of Health/Government; N, number of NCD interventions; NC/NA, not clear/not applicable; NCDs, noncommunicable disease; NGO, nongovernmental organization; UMIC, upper middle-income country.