Table 2. Study characteristics.
| Author (year), Country | Study design | Sample characteristics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Race/ethnicity | Age (mean, SD) | Tx | ||
| Roberts et al.,1994 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 135 women with breast cancer | NR | 56.2 (SD = 11.9) |
Surgery (100%) |
| Neuling et al., 1988 (Australia) | Longitudinal | 58 women with breast cancer | NR | Median = 54 | Surgery (100%) |
| Koopman et al., 1998 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 102 women with metastatic and/or recurrent breast cancer | White (88.2%); Asian-American (4.9%); African-American (1%); Hispanic/Latina (2%); Native American (2%); Other (2%) | 53.1 (SD = 10.8) |
CTx (52%); Hormone (76.5%) |
| Lee et al., 2004 (Korea) | Cross-sectional | 134 women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer | Korean (100%) | 45.29 (SD = 8.75) | CTx (100%) |
| Maly et al., 2005 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 222 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer | White (64%); African-American (12%); Latina (23%); Other (1%) | 66.7 (SD = 7.9) |
Surgery (31.5%); RTx (40%); CTx (37.4%) |
| Palesh et al., 2006 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 82 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer stage 0-III | NR | 57.4 (SD = 11.5) |
Surgery (mastectomy, 43%; lumpectomy, 79.3%); CTx (50%); RTx (59.8%); Hormone (42.7%) |
| Friedman et al., 2006 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 81 women with breast cancer | African-American; Hispanic; White (% NR) | 52 (SD = 10.2) |
Surgery (74%); CTx (88.9%) |
| Porter et al., 2006 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 524 women with breast cancer | White (70.6%); African-American (29.4%) | 64.5 (SD = 8.9) |
Surgery (98.6%); CTx (23%); RTx (27%); Hormone (28%) |
| Kim & Morrow, 2007 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 539 women with breast cancer | White (94%) | 51 | CTx (100%) |
| Nausheen & Kamal, 2007 (Pakistan) | Cross-sectional | 82 Pakistani women with breast cancer | Pakistan (100%) | 42.5 | Surgery (90%) |
| Von Ah & Kang, 2008 (USA) | Longitudinal | 49 American women with newly breast cancer stage 0-III | White (61%); African-American (29%); Asian-American (4%); Hispanic-American (2%); Native American (4%) | 52.3 (SD = 9.6) |
CTx+RTx (51%) |
| Gellaitry et al., 2010 (UK) | RCT | 80 women with breast cancer (n = 38 intervention group) |
NR | 58.4 (SD = 10.8) |
Surgery (100%); CTx (53%); RTx (100%); Hormone (82%) |
| Gorman et al., 2010 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 131 women with early-stage breast cancer | White (87.8%); Other (12.2%) | 36.7 (at diagnosis) |
CTx (88.6%); RTx (55.7%) |
| Hasson-Ohayon et al., 2010 (Israel) | Cross-sectional | 150 dyads of women with breast cancer stage III-IV and their spouses | Israel (100%) | Patients: 53.15 (SD = 10.28) |
Mostly not on active treatment |
| Kim et al., 2010 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 231 undeserved women with breast cancer | White (62.3%); African-American (35.9%); other minorities (1.7%) | 51 | NR |
| Talley et al., 2010 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 163 women with breast cancer | White (94.5%); Black (2.5%); Other (1.8%) | 57.33 (SD = 11.22) |
NR |
| Cohen et al., 2011 (Israel) | Cross-sectional | 56 women with breast cancer (stage I-III) | Arabs (100%) | 50.6 (SD = 8.7) |
NR |
| Hill et al., 2011 (UK) | Longitudinal | 260 women with breast cancer | NR | 151 patients aged 51–64 years | Surgery (100%) |
| Lee et al., 2011 (Korea) | Secondary analysis | 286 women with breast cancer stage I-III | Korean (100%) | 47 (SD = 10) |
Breast Conserving Surgery (82.5%); Mastectomy (16.4%); CTx (86.7%); RTx (82.5%); Hormone (82.2%) |
| Liu et al., 2011 (China) | Cross-sectional | 401 women with breast cancer | Chinese (100%) | 46.9 (SD = 10.1) |
NR |
| Boinon et al., 2012 (France) | Cross-sectional | 113 women with breast cancer | NR | 52.8 (SD = 10.17) |
Surgery (31%) |
| Jones et al., 2012 (Canada) | Cross-sectional | 131 women with early-stage breast cancer | NR | 54.6 (SD = 9.13) |
Surgery (96.9%) CTx (57.3%); RT (51.1%) |
| Mallinckrodt et al., 2012 (USA) | Longitudinal | 154 women with breast cancer | White non-Hispanic (97%); African-American (2.6%); Hispanic (0.6%) | 58.97 (SD = 12.33) |
CTx+RTx (19%); CTx (32%); RTx (18%) |
| Popoola & Adewuya, 2012 (Nigeria) | Cross-sectional | 124 women with breast cancer | Nigerian (100%) | NR | Surgery (9.7%) Surgery+CTx (39.5%); Surgery+CTx+RTx (50.8%) |
| So et al., 2013 (China) | Secondary analysis | 279 women with breast cancer | Chinese (100%) | NR | NR |
| Waters et al., 2013 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 480 women with breast cancer stage 0-IIA | White (81.5%); non-White (18.5%) | 58.3 (SD = 10.6) |
Surgery (100%); CTx (24.8%); RTx (60%); Hormone (51.3%) |
| Yi & Kim, 2013 (Korea) | Cross-sectional | 258 Korean women with breast cancer | Korean (100%) | 47.45 (SD = 7.37) |
Surgery (98.8%); CTx (83.3%); RTx (55.4%); Hormone (55%) |
| Boinon et al., 2014 (France) | Longitudinal | 102 women with breast cancer | French (100%) | 52.9 (SD = 10.2) |
Surgery (31.4%); CTx+RTx (100%) |
| Hasson-Ohayon et al., 2014 (Israel) | Secondary analysis | 150 women with advanced breast cancer | Israel (100%) | Younger: 45.67 (SD = 6.55) Older: 62.16 (SD = 5.70) |
NR |
| Hughes et al., 2014 (USA) | Longitudinal | 164 women with breast cancer stage 0-IIIA | White (80.5%); Black (12.8%); Other (6.7%) | 56.13 (SD = 11.47) |
Surgery (32.9%); Surgery+RTx(27.4%); Surgery+CTx (15.2%); Surgery+RTx+CTx (23.8%) |
| Schleife et al., 2014 (Germany) | Secondary analysis | 107 women with breast cancer | NR | 56.4 (SD = 10.5) |
Surgery (96%); CTx (98%) |
| Wang et al., 2014 (China) | Cross-sectional | 123 women with breast cancer | Chinese (100%) | 49.7 (SD = 9.6) |
NR |
| Borstelmann et al., 2015 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 675 women with breast cancer stage I-III | White (86%); Non-white (14%) | 35.4 | Surgery (84%); CTx (76%) |
| Ozkaraman et al., 2015 (Turkey) | Cross-sectional | 128 breast cancer patients | NR | 51.13 (SD = 8.48) |
NR |
| Alfonsson et al., 2016 (Sweden) | Longitudinal | 833 women with breast cancer | Sweden (100%) | 60.6 (SD = 11.6) |
CTx (38%); Target-drug (8%) |
| Malicka et al., 2016 (Poland) | Cross-sectional | 25 women with breast cancer | Polish (100%) | 63.2 (SD = 7.0) |
Surgery (100%) |
| Berhili et al., 2017 (Morocco) | Cross-sectional | 446 women with breast cancer | NR | 50 (SD = 8) |
Surgery (21%); CTx (38%) RTx (17%); Hormone (33%) |
| Fong et al., 2017 (Canada) | Secondary analysis | 157 women with breast cancer | White (85%) | 55 (SD = 11) |
Lumpectomy (60.1%); Mastectomy (57.8%); CTx (63.6%); RTx (85%); Hormone (52.6%) |
| Moon et al., 2017 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 661 women with newly diagnosed with breast cancer | White (89%); Minority (9.8%); Not applicable (1.3%) | 51.18 (SD = 9.05) |
NR |
| Schellekens et al., 2017 (Canada) | RCT | 139 women with breast cancer stage I-III (MBCR; n = 69 and SET; n = 70) |
Canadian (100%) | MBCR: 54.9 (SD = 9.2) SET: 53.2 (SD = 9.8) |
NR |
| Su et al., 2017 (Taiwan) | Cross-sectional | 300 women with breast cancer | Taiwanese (100%) | 48.16 (SD = 9.07) |
RTx (58.7%);CTx (71.7%) Hormone (70%); Target-drug (22.7%) |
| Thompson et al., 2017 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 227 African American women with breast cancer | African American (100%) | 56 (SD = 10) |
Surgery (68.8%); CTx(49.6%) RTx (77.4%); Hormone (63.1%) |
| Tomita et al., 2017 (Japan) | Secondary analysis | 157 women with breast cancer | Japanese (100%) | 59.08 (SD = 10.06) |
Surgery (94.9%);CTx (50.3%); RTx (65.6%);Hormone (75.8%) |
| Bright & Stanton, 2018 (USA) | Longitudinal | 130 women with breast cancer | White (73.1%); Asian (9.2%); Latina (8.5%); African American (3.1%); Native American/Alaskan Native (0.8%); Other (5.4%) | 54.2 (SD = 11.7) |
Surgery (99.2%); Hormone (92.3%) |
| Schmidt et al., 2018 (Germany) | Secondary analysis | 225 women with breast cancer | Germany (100%) | 54.3 (SD = 9.5) |
CTx (37.6%) |
| Escalera et al., 2019 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 151 Latinas with breast cancer stage 0-IIIc | NR | 50.5 (SD = 10.9) |
Surgery (100%);CTx (16.6%); RTx (27.8%);CTx+RTx (39.7%) |
| Wondimagegnehu et al., 2019 (Ethiopia) | Cross-sectional | 428 women with breast cancer | Ethiopian (100%) | Median = 40 | NR |
| Janowski et al., 2020 (Poland) | Cross-sectional | 70 women with breast cancer | Polish (100%) | 56.52 (SD = 14.18) |
Surgery (100%) |
| Schmidt & Andrykowski 2004 (USA) |
Cross-sectional | 210 women with breast cancer | White (91%); African-American (1.4%); Asian (1%); Latino/Hispanic (1%); Native American (0.5%); Other (4.3%) | 47.4 (SD = 8.4) |
Surgery (88.1%); CTx (26.2%); RTx (12.9%); CTx+RTx (52.9%) |
| Wong et al., 2018 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 96 Chinese American breast cancer survivors | Chinese-American (100%) | 54.54 (SD = 7.91) |
NR |
| Lally et al., 2019 (USA) | RCT | 100 women within 0–2 months of first, stage 0-II breast cancer survivors | White (93%); African-American (3%); American-Indian (1%); Asian (1%) | 54.2 (SD = 9.9) |
NR |
| Lueboonthavatchai, 2007 (Thailand) | Cross-sectional | 300 women with breast cancer | NR | NR | 50.09 (SD = 11.01) |
| Mantani et al., 2007 (Japan) | Cross-sectional | 46 women with breast cancer stage I or II and their husbands | Japanese (100%) | Patients: 52.3 (SD = 10.5) |
Surgery (100%) CTx,RTx, hormone (87%) |
| Ashing-Giwa et al., 2013 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 232 women with Latina breast cancer stage 0-III | Mexican (73%); Central-American (13%); South-American (9%); US-born Latinas (5%) | 53 (SD = 10.6) |
Surgery (95%); CTx(70%); RTx (70%); Hormone (66%) |
| Segrin et al., 2018 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 230 dyads of Latinas with breast cancer and their family caregivers | White (85%); Hispanic (14%); Other (1%) | Patients: 50.19 (SD = 10.4) Caregivers: 44.20 (SD = 13.2) |
Surgery (60%); CTx (82.6%) RTx (27%); Hormone (14.8%) |
| Aguado Loi et al., 2013 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 68 Latinas diagnosed with breast cancer | Latino/Hispanic (100%); | 55.4 (SD = 10.4) |
Surgery (95.6%); CTx (63.2%); RTx (48.5%); Hormone (69.1%) |
| Giese-Davis & Hermanson, 2000 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 125 women with metastatic breast cancer | White (87%); Asian-American (6%); Hispanic-Latina (2%); Native American (2%); African-American (1%); Other (2%) | 53 (SD = 10.7) |
NR |
| Manne et al., 2007 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 235 women with breast cancer and their significant others | White (patients: 89% and partners: 91%) | 50 (SD = 9.9) |
Surgery (100%); CTx (75%); RTx (13%) |
| Segrin et al., 2007 (USA) | Secondary analysis | 96 dyads of women with breast cancer stage I-III and their partners | White (85%); Hispanic (14%); Other (1%) | Patients: 54.11 (SD = 10.6) Partners: 51.68 (SD = 14.8) |
CTx (75%); RTx (54%); Hormone (36%) |
| Al-Zaben et al., 2015 (Saudi Arabia) | Cross-sectional | 49 married women with breast cancer | Arabs (100%) | 48.9 (SD = 7.1) |
Surgery (89.8%); CTx(83.7%); RTx (57.1%) |
| Simpson et al., 2002 (Canada) | RCT | 89 women with breast cancer | NR | 49.3 (SD = 7.7) | NR |
| Brothers & Andersen, 2009 (USA) | Longitudinal | 67 women with breast cancer | White (93%); African-American (7%) | 54 (SD = 11) |
Surgery (28%); CTx (43%); RTx (19%); Hormone (39%) |
| Gagliardi et al., 2009 (Italy) | Cross-sectional | 47 women with breast cancer at low or intermediate high risk | Italian (100%) | 54.28 (SD = 8.4) |
Surgery (100%) |
| Puigpinos-Riera et al., 2018 (Spain) | Secondary analysis | 2235 women with breast cancer | Spanish (100%) | NR | NR |
| Wang et al., 2019 (USA) | Cross-sectional | 436 women with breast cancer stage 0-III | Chinese (100%) | 21–50 yrs (27.52%), 51–64 yrs (48.17%), 65 or older yrs (24.31%) |
NR |
| Debretsova &Derakshan., 2021 (UK) | Cross-sectional | 59 women with breast cancer stage IV | NR | 49.97 (SD = 9.17) | Surgery (80%); CTx(34%); RTx(10%); Hormone(71%) |
| Fisher et al., 2021 (Germany) | Cross-sectional | 327 women with breast cancer stage I-III | White (62.1%); Black (29.7%); Two or more races (2.8%); Asian (2.8%); American Indian or Alaskan Native (0.3%); NR (1.5%) | 57.19 (SD = 11.87) | Surgery (100%); CTx (8.3%); RTx (10.8%) |
| Liu et al., 2021 (China) | Cross-sectional | 389 women with breast cancer | Chinese (100%) | ≤35yrs(11.3%); 35-50(43.7%);50-65(39.3%);>65(5.7%) | NR |
| Zamanian et al., 2021 (Iran) | Cross-sectional | 223 women with breast cancer | Persian (100%) | 47.14 (SD = 9.13) | Surgery (69.7%) |
| Okati-Aliabad et al., 2022 (Iran) | Cross-sectional | 120 Women with breast cancer stage I-IV | Persian (100%) | 47.35 (SD = 10.67) | Surgery (87.5%); CTx (94.2%); RTx (64.2%) |
*NR = Not reported; CTx = Chemotherapy; RTx = Radiation therapy