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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Diabetes Complications. 2013 Jun 13;27(4):351–356. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.12.006

Table 3.

Gompertz equation for hazard of death in years beyond the focal event year.

Coefficient (se) HR (95% CI) p
Baseline hazard
gamma 0.056 (0.002) <0.001
Constant, β0 −7.068 (0.186) <0.001
β coefficients β HR (95% CI)
Male 0.115 (0.035) 1.12 (1.05–1.20) 0.001
Type 1 diabetes 0.267 (0.047) 1.31 (1.19–1.43) <0.001
Focus event
MI (referrant) 0 1
Stroke 0.286 (0.044) 1.33 (1.22–1.45) <0.001
Heart failure if age under 60 years 1.62 (0.104) 5.05 (4.13–6.19) <0.001
Heart failure at 60–69 years 1.28 (0.071) 3.62 (3.15–4.16) <0.001
Heart failure at 70–79 years 0.966 (0.053) 2.63 (2.37–2.92) <0.001
Heart failure if age >80 years 0.721 (0.055) 2.06 (1.85–2.29) <0.001
Amputation 0.518 (0.057) 1.68 (1.50–1.88) <0.001
Renal failure 1.043 (0.086) 2.84 (2.40–3.36) <0.001
Ulcer 0.289 (0.058) 1.34 (1.19–1.50) <0.001
Future events
MI and aged under 70 2.083 (0.082) 8.03 (6.84–9.42) <0.001
MI and aged over 70 1.788 (0.048) 5.98 (5.44–6.57) <0.001
Stroke 1.300 (0.054) 3.67 (3.30–4.08) <0.001
Heart failure 0.566 (0.082) 1.76 (1.50–2.07) <0.001
Renal failure 0.865 (0.145) 2.37 (1.77–3.18) <0.001
Amputation 0.556 (0.117) 1.74 (1.38–2.19) <0.001
Ulcer 0.299 (0.151) 1.35 (1.00–1.81) 0.047