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. 2022 Jun 30;133(2):335–348. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00292.2021

Table 2.

Hierarchical multiple regression analyzing the contribution of age and sex to the variance within NVC metrics

Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Variable B β B β B β
Mean response (Δ%)
 Constant 15.152*** 17.205*** 16.996***
 Baseline PCAv −0.027 −0.033 −0.022 −0.028 −0.024 −0.030
 Age −0.059 −0.122 −0.060 −0.124
 Sex 0.189 0.015
 R2 0.001 0.016 0.016
 F 0.138 0.991 0.664
 ΔR2 0.001 0.015 0.000
 ΔF 0.138 1.843 0.026
Peak response (Δ%)
 Constant 31.056*** 36.459*** 35.388***
 Baseline PCAv −0.099 −0.086 −0.087 −0.075 −0.097 −0.084
 Age −0.155* −0.225 −0.160* −0.233
 Sex 0.969 0.053
 R2 0.007 0.058 0.061
 F 0.918 3.762* 0.349
 ΔR2 0.007 0.051 0.003
 ΔF 0.918 6.565* 2.611
tAUC response (Δ%)
 Constant 13.325*** 14.152*** 13.223***
 Baseline PCAv −0.020 −0.031 −0.018 −0.028 −0.027 −0.041
 Age −0.024 −0.061 −0.028 −0.073
 Sex 0.840 0.082
 R2 0.001 0.005 0.011
 F 0.120 0.286 0.449
 ΔR2 0.001 0.004 0.006
 ΔF 0.120 0.453 0.776
T2p NVC response (Δs)
 Constant 9.756*** 12.257*** 15.513***
 Baseline PCAv 0.113* 0.193 0.119* 0.203 0.149 0.253
 Age −0.072* −0.204 −0.055* −0.156
 Sex −2.947*** −0.318
 R2 0.037 0.079 0.179
 F 4.754* 5.221* 8.548***
 ΔR2 0.037 0.042 0.096
 ΔF 4.754* 5.513* 14.084***

Mean NVC response (Δ%), peak NVC response (Δ%), and tAUC NVC response (Δ%) are presented within the left column as well as time the peak NVC response (T2p: Δs). The degree to which baseline PCAv (covariate variable) contributes to the variance in each metric is provided, along with the individual and combined effects of age and sex. R2 refers to the variation within the dependent variable (NVC metric) explained by the independent variable (age and sex). Model coefficients are provided (B and β), which denote the change within the dependent variable following a single unit change within the independent variable. Model 1 describes the degree of variance within each NVC metric attributable to baseline differences in PCAv. Models 2 and 3 described the degree of variance within each NVC metric attributable to age and the combination of age and sex, respectively. Note: n = 125. *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001, respectively. NVC, neurovascular coupling; PCAv, posterior cerebral artery velocity; tAUC, total area under the curve.