Table 2.
Professional and individual factors and health risk behaviors associated with major depression (dependent variable) in 10,325 healthcare workers.
| Characteristics | Univariate model |
Multivariate model |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No major depression 7203(69.8%) |
Major depression 3122(30.2%) |
p-value | Adjusted⁎ odds ratio (aOR) (95% IC) |
p-value | |
| Individual factors | |||||
| Age (years) | 42.13(10.92) | 42.60(10.66) | 0.151 | 1.005(1.001–1.005) | 0.015 |
| Sex(man) | 1265(17.6%) | 724 (23.2%) | < 0.0001 | 1.771(1.539–2.038) | < 0.0001 |
| Partner at home | 49(15.0%) | 41(17.4%) | < 0.0001 | 0.638(0.563–0.723) | < 0.0001 |
| Children at home | 4288(59.5%) | 1764(56.5%) | 0.004 | 0.983(0.563–0.723) | 0.779 |
| Family caregiver | 1188(16.5%) | 688(22.0%) | < 0.0001 | 1.230(1.073–1.410) | 0.003 |
| History of recurrent major depression | 617(6.0%) | 892(8.6%) | < 0.0001 | 2.778(2.407–3.207) | < 0.0001 |
| Chronic illness | 1041(14.5%) | 633(20.3%) | < 0.0001 | 1.078(0.933–1.244) | 0.308 |
| Professional factors | |||||
| Public sector vs. private sector | 6152(85.4%) | 2764(88.5%) | < 0.0001 | 1.172(0.997–1.378) | 0.089 |
| Full-time job | 5961(82.8%) | 2669(85.5%) | 0.001 | 0.985(0.845–1.149) | 0.849 |
| Night shift work | 442(6.1%) | 206(6.6%) | 0.374 | – | – |
| Job content questionnaire dimensions | |||||
| Speed and quantity | 8.37(2.00) | 9.36(1.99) | < 0.0001 | 0.973(0.938–1.008) | 0.126 |
| Complexity and intensity | 8.73(1.63) | 9.59(1.60) | < 0.0001 | 1.095(1.048–1.145) | < 0.0001 |
| Fragmentation and unpredictability | 8.47(2.04) | 9.50(1.89) | < 0.0001 | 1.082(1.045–1.119) | < 0.0001 |
| Decision-making latitude | 37.63(6.42) | 33.77(7.55) | < 0.0001 | 0.978(0.969–0.987) | < 0.0001 |
| Use of skills | 17.30(2.91) | 16.44(3.19) | < 0.0001 | 0.992(0.971–1.013) | 0.461 |
| Skill development | 19.70(2.96) | 18.51(3.45) | < 0.0001 | 0.999(0.979–1.020) | 0.922 |
| Professional support by superiors | 5.48(1.66) | 4.64(1.75) | < 0.0001 | 0.937(0.859–1.022) | 0.140 |
| Professional support by colleagues | 6.48(1.11) | 4.64(1.75) | < 0.0001 | 1.037(0.968–1.110) | 0.301 |
| Emotional support by superiors | 5.50(1.72) | 4.65(1.83) | < 0.0001 | 1.000(0.921–1.086) | 0.996 |
| Emotional support by colleagues | 6.45(1.16) | 5.89(1.42) | < 0.0001 | 0.853(0.801–0.909) | < 0.0001 |
| Work schedules characteristics | |||||
| Random schedules | 3344(46.4%) | 1546(49.5%) | 0.004 | 1.135(1.017–1.267) | 0.024 |
| Working longer than expected at least once a week | 4533(62.9%) | 2245(71.9%) | < 0.0001 | 1.178(1.076–1.384) | 0.013 |
| Burnout | 3088(42.9%) | 2624(84.0%) | < 0.0001 | 4.826(4.291–5.428) | < 0.0001 |
| Absenteeism | 1212(16.8%) | 845(27.1%) | < 0.0001 | 1.440(1.276–1.626) | < 0.0001 |
| Professional violence at the workplace | |||||
| Sustained bullying at the workplace | 2397(33.3%) | 1712(54.8%) | < 0.0001 | 1.343(1.197–1.506) | < 0.0001 |
| Sexual harassment exposure | 476(6.6%) | 280(9.0%) | < 0.0001 | 1.023(0.835–1.252) | 0.828 |
| Sexual orientation-based discrimination | 406(5.6%) | 248(7.9%) | < 0.0001 | 1.052(0.850–1.304) | 0.640 |
| Health risk behaviors | |||||
| Overweight/obesity | 2504(34.8%) | 1222(39.1%) | < 0.0001 | 0.976(0.871–1.093) | 0.669 |
| Daily tobacco smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/day | 113(1.6%) | 134(4.3%) | < 0.0001 | 1.473(1.069–2.031) | 0.018 |
| Hazardous drinking | 1112(15.4%) | 813(26.0%) | < 0.0001 | 1.548(1.356–1.767) | < 0.0001 |
| Moderate to high physical activity | 4714(65.5%) | 1678(53.8%) | < 0.0001 | 0.743(0.666–0.828) | < 0.0001 |
| Sleep duration (hours) | 6.81(1.19) | 6.15(1.35) | < 0.0001 | 0.700(0.669–0.732) | < 0.0001 |
Significant associations (p < 0.05) are in bold.
⁎
Adjusted for all variables associated with major depression with p < 0.2 in univariate analyses.