Table 4.
The Distribution of DASS- 42 scores by participants’ sociodemographic characteristics.
| Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42) | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median(min-max) | Test and p value | Median(min-max) | Test and p value | Median(min-max) | Test and p value | Median(min-max) | Test and p value | |
| Parent (participant) | ||||||||
| Mother | 53(3–105) | z=-2.728 p=0.006 | z=-2.974 p=0.003 | z=-3.146 p=0.002 | z = −1.553 p = 0.12 | |||
| Father | 31(7–101) | |||||||
| Age (years) | r=-0.232 p=0.025 | r=-0.253 p=0.014 | r=-0.263 p=0.011 | r = −0.137 p = 0.191 | ||||
| Duration of marriage (years) | r = −0.156 p = 0.134 | r = −0.147 p = 0.161 | r = −0.191 p = 0.067 | r = −0.115 p = 0.272 | ||||
| Type of marriage | ||||||||
| Arranged | 38(22–101) | z = −0.04 p = 0.968 | 12(5–34) | z = −0.299 p = 0.765 | 10(0–33) | z = −0.192 p = 0.848 | 17(9–36) | z = −0.196 p = 0.845 |
| Mutual consent | 42.5(3–105) | 13(0–40) | 11.5(0–34) | 19(2–39) | ||||
| Education (degree) | ||||||||
| Primary school | 30(22–71) | K = 3.780 p = 0.151 | 8(5–29) | K = 2.704 p = 0.259 | 8(0–19) | K = 4.188 p = 0.123 | 14(9–27) | K = 4.720 p = 0.094 |
| High school | 52.5(3–105) | 16(0–40) | 15(1–33) | 22.5(2–38) | ||||
| Bachelor's or higher | 40(7–101) | 12(0–29) | 10.5(0–34) | 17.5(2–39) | ||||
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Civil servant | 38(7–101) | K = 3.227 p = 0.358 | 10(0–28) | K = 2.751 p = 0.432 | 7(0–34) | K = 5.704 p = 0.127 | 18(2–39) | K = 1.153 p = 0.764 |
| Worker | 38(18–60) | 12(4–21) | 8(0–19) | 18(10–29) | ||||
| Self-employed | 47(8–105) | 15(1–40) | 14(1–27) | 18(4–38) | ||||
| Unemployed | 48(3–101) | 16(0–34) | 14(1–33) | 20.5(2–36) | ||||
| Spouse education (degree) | ||||||||
| Literate/Primary school | K = 3.939 p = 0.140 | K = 3.350 p = 0.187 | K = 5.244 p = 0.073 | K = 2.703 p = 0.259 | ||||
| High school | ||||||||
| Bachelor's or higher | ||||||||
| Spouse occupation | ||||||||
| Civil servant | 45(5–101) | K = 7.217 p = 0.065 | 16(0–29) | K=8.844 p=0.031 | 12.5(0–34) | K = 7.153 p = 0.067 | 20(3–39) | K = 3.518 p = 0.318 |
| Worker | 42(6–101) | 13.5(1–34) | 11.5(3–33) | 18.5(2–36) | ||||
| Self-employed | 51(3–105) | 17(0–40)a | 15(1–27) | 20(2–38) | ||||
| Unemployed | 30(7–67) | 9.5(2–20)a | 8(0–19) | 15.5(2–36) | ||||
| Family type | ||||||||
| Nuclear | 45(5–105) | z=-2.644 p=0.008 | 14.5(0–40) | z=-2.356 p=0.018 | 13.5(0–34) | z=-2.09 p=0.037 | 20(2–39) | z=-3.163 p=0.002 |
| Extended | 27.5(3–67) | 6.5(0–24) | 8(1–19) | 11.5(2–30) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| City | 49.5(5–105)a | K=6.318 p=0.042 | 16(0–40) | K = 5.996 p = 0.050 | 14(0–34)a | K=7.681 p=0.021 | 20(2–39) | K = 4.620 p = 0.099 |
| District | 34.5(3–71) | 10.5(0–29) | 8(1–19) | 16(2–29) | ||||
| Town/village | 30(22–43)a | 7(5–16) | 8(0–14)a | 14(9–27) | ||||
| Income | ||||||||
| High | 19(5–105)a | K=12.960 p=0.002 | 5(0–40)b | K=16.568 p<0.001 | 5(0–27)a | K=8.804 p=0.012 | 10(2–38)a | K=8.452 p=0.015 |
| Middle | 48(3–101)a | 16(0–34)a,b | 14(0–34)a | 20(2–39)a | ||||
| Low | 30(24–43) | 7(5–8)a | 8(3–11) | 16(9–27) | ||||
| Tobacco use | z = −0.981 p = 0.326 | z = −0.391 p = 0.696 | z = −0.966 p = 0.334 | z = −1.557 p = 0.119 | ||||
| Yes | 44.5(18–105) | 13(4–40) | 13.5(1–31) | 20.5(3–38) | ||||
| No | 41(3–101) | 12(0–34) | 8(0–34) | 16(2–39) | ||||
r: Pearson Correlation Coefficient, z: Mann-Whitney U test z statistic, K= Kruskal Wallis test statistic, The source of difference is expressed with the same letter index.