Table 2.
Participant characteristics: general, reading, and phonological abilities.
| Measure | Controls | IDDs | Group difference (t; p) |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 30 (17 F) | N = 25 (16 F) | ||
| Age (years) | 25.3 (2.4) | 24.0 (2.8) | 1.9; 0.067 |
| Block design (scaled) | 12.6 (2.9) | 13.4 (2.6) | − 1.0; 0.301 |
| Digit Span (scaled) | 11.1 (2.7) | 8.0 (2.1) | 4.5; 4 × 10–5 |
| Reading accuracy (% correct) | |||
| Single words | 96.8 (4.1) | 86.7 (8.2) | 5.8; 3 × 10–7 |
| Single pseudo-words | 89.9 (11.0) | 59.0 (18.1) | 7.6; 4 × 10–10 |
| Single non-words | 87.2 (13.1) | 49.5 (23.1) | 7.4; 4 × 10–10 |
| Paragraph reading | 98.6 (1.4) | 95.1 (4.7) | 3.9; 3 × 10–4 |
| Reading rate (words/minute) | |||
| Single words | 95.3 (28.8) | 67.0 (25.5) | 3.7; 4 × 10–4 |
| Single pseudo-words | 57.4 (23.7) | 31.9 (12.0) | 4.8; 10–5 |
| Single non-words | 41.1 (14.6) | 25.7 (8.2) | 4.6; 3 × 10–5 |
| Paragraph reading | 138.3 (21.2) | 98.9 (24.6) | 6.3; 7 × 10–8 |
| Phonological awareness: spoonerism | |||
| Accuracy (% correct) | 91.3 (6.7) | 79.8 (16.5) | 3.4; 10–3 |
| Rate (items/minute) | 9.6 (2.7) | 6.2 (3.2) | 4.2; 10–4 |
Means and SDs. F Female participants.