Table 1.

Overview and outcomes of studies using intranasal OT or carbetocin for the treatment of patients with PWS.

Type of treatment	Mode of treatment	Age, sample size	Sex	Outcome	Reference
Intranasal OT	16 IU per day, 8 weeks total	5–18 y, n = 11 vs. n = 10	m/f	No improvement of hyperphagia or repetitive symptoms	[150]
Intranasal OT	18/24 IU, later 32/40 IU, twice daily, 8 weeks total	12–30 y, n = 22	m/f	No significant improvements, high OT increased temper outbursts	[111]
Intranasal OT	16–40 IU, twice daily, 3 months total	3–11 y, n = 13 per group	m/f	No effects in the total group, positive effect on social and eating behaviors in boys	[151]
Intranasal OT	24 IU, twice daily, 4 weeks total	6–14 y, n = 14 vs. n = 11	m/f	No effects of OT on hyperphagia or social behavior in the total group, improvement in children younger than 11 years	[109]
Intranasal Carbetocin	150 µl per dose, 3 times per day, 14 days total	10–18 y, n = 20 vs. n = 17 per group	m/f	Improvement of hyperphagia and obsessive-compulsive behavior	[152]
Intranasal Carbetocin	150 µl per dose, 3 times per day, 14 days total	10–18 y, n = 20 vs. n = 17 per group	m/f	Improvement of hyperphagia and obsessive-compulsive behavior	[152]
Intranasal OT	4IU, every other day, daily or twice daily	1–6 months, n = 18	m/f	Suckling behavior normalized in 88% of infants, improvements in social withdrawal and mother-infant interactions	[61]
Intranasal OT	24 IU, single dose	18–43 y, n = 12 per group	m/f	Increased trust, decreased sadness, and less disruptive behaviors in OT group	[112]

Studies reporting negative results are shown as italics, studies with mixed results as bold and studies with positive results as bold italics.