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. 2022 Feb 9;48(4):3265–3277. doi: 10.1007/s00068-022-01890-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Changes in functional outcome scores, pain, and activity resumption over time by treatment group. A Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, B Constant–Murley score of the affected arm, C pain (VAS, Visual Analog Scale) of the affected side, D the extent to which patients resumed their activities at the pre-trauma level (Numeric Rating Scale, NRS) over time. Higher scores represent more disability (DASH), a better function (Constant-Murley), more pain (VAS), and level of activity resumption (NRS, Numeric Rating Scale). Data are shown as estimated marginal mean with the corresponding 95% confidence interval, adjusted for age, gender, and fracture type, as emerging from the multivariable analysis. Blue lines represent the operative group; red lines represent the nonoperative group. In panel C, the dashed lines represent the contralateral side. *p < 0.05 (Bonferroni test).