TABLE 1.

Different classes of HDAC and a brief introduction of their basic characteristics.

Class	HDAC family	Localization	Major target molecular	Function to cardiac hypertrophy	Other effects	References
I	HDAC1	Nucleus	Mef2C	Promote	Cell proliferation, differentiation, development, cancer	(136)
	HDAC2	Nucleus	Inpp5f	Promote	Cell proliferation, development, synaptic plasticity, differentiation	(6, 51)
	HDAC3	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	Mef2C	Inhibit	Cell proliferation, development	(54)
	HDAC8	Nucleus	p38	Promote	Smooth muscle differentiation and contractility	(137)
IIa	HDAC4	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	Mef2C	Inhibit	Bone development, neuron development	(53)
	HDAC5	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	Mef2C	Inhibit	Bone development, axonal regeneration	(57)
	HDAC7	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	c-Myc	Promote	Vascular development, immunomodulation	(138)
	HDAC9	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	Mef2C	Inhibit	Neuron development, synaptic plasticity, immunomodulation	(139)
IIb	HDAC6	Cytoplasm	α-tubulin	Promote	Cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, aggresome formation, autophagy	(140)
	HDAC10	Nucleus/Cytoplasm	pRb	−	Cell cycle, immunomodulation, cancer
III	SIRT1	Nucleus	PGC-1α	Inhibit	Cell survival, aging, energy metabolism, inflammation	(78)
	SIRT2	Nucleus	LKB1	Inhibit	Microtubule stability	(85)
	SIRT3	Cytoplasm	FoxO3a	Inhibit	Energy metabolism	(80)
	SIRT4	Cytoplasm	Sirt3	Promote	Energy metabolism	(141)
	SIRT5	Cytoplasm	ECHA	Inhibit	Urea cycle, apoptosis, energy metabolism	(142)
	SIRT6	Nucleus	NFATc4	Inhibit	Telomeric DNA redulation	(86)
	SIRT7	Nucleus	Histone 3	−	Apoptosis
IV	HDAC11	Nucleus/Cytoplasm		Promote	Immunomodulation, energy metabolism	(143, 144)

ECHA, enoyl-coenzyme A hydratase; FoxO3, Forkhead box O3; Inpp5f, inositol-5 phosphatase f; NFATc4, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha.