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. 2022 Aug 8;12:13535. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17320-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Implant surface topography measured by scanning electron microscopy and 3D confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images of the three types of implants with different topographies. (A) smooth type (top view × 50) (B) macrotexture type (top view × 50), (C) nanotexture type (top view × 50), (D) smooth type (top view × 100), (E) macrotexture type (top view × 100), (F) nanotexture type (top view × 100), (G) smooth type (top view × 300), (H) macrotexture type (top view × 300), (I) nanotexture type (top view × 300). 3D confocal laser scanning microscope images of three types of implants with different topographies. The roughness was measured to be 0.53 ± 0.14, 104.82 ± 7.49, and 6.53 ± 0.25 µm in the smooth, macrotexture, and nanotexture type implants, respectively: (J) smooth type, (K) macrotexture type and (L) nanotexture type.